اخلاق در حرفه مهندسی

آب و توسعه پایدار

مقاله 2، دوره 6، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 14، اسفند 1398، صفحه 1-10   

نوع مقاله: مفهومی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jwsd.v6i3.71839

نویسندگان

ندا شیخ رضازاده نیکو¹؛ کامران داوری²؛ بیژن قهرمان²؛ علی نقی ضیایی^{* 2}؛ شهداد صفوی³

¹Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

²فردوسی

³موسسه تحقیقات آب تهران.

چکیده

دستاوردهای انسان گام‌‏های بزرگ در پیشرفت تکنولوژی بوده که در کنار اثرات مفید و ارزشمند، با کاربرد نادرست و مدیریت غیراصولی، تبعات اجتماعی ناگواری در جوامع داشته و اخلاق به‏‏ عنوان یکی از مولفه ‏‏های مهم در رشد علم و فرهنگ مطرح بوده است. مهندسان با حفظ جایگاه اجتماعی و مزایای آن، نسبت به حرفه خود مسئول بوده و تعهداتی در قبال وظایف خود دارند تا ضمن برآورده کردن سطح انتظارات مردم، حفظ محیط‏‏زیست و اجتناب از رخداد حوادث ناگوار، الگویی برای نسل‏‏های آتی باشند که شامل هر دو بعد اخلاق خُرد و کلان است. آموزش اخلاق در مقاطع مختلف تحصیلی (دبستان، راهنمایی و دبیرستان) منجر به تسهیل رعایت آن در مقاطع دانشگاهی شده و باعث انعطاف‏‏پذیری بیشتر دانشجوها نسبت به آموزش مسائل اخلاقی در حرفه مهندسی می‏‏شود. مشارکت دانشجویان و مهندسان در بررسی مشکلات موجود در حرفه و تدوین آیین‏‏ نامه‏‏ های اخلاقی، تاثیرپذیری آن را افزایش داده، به‏‏این‏‏ترتیب هر نسلی در خصوص مسائل و مشکلات جامعه و حرفه خود تصمیم‏گیری می‏کند. در این مقاله، تعدادی از مطالعات موردی شامل سقوط پل کبک، رویداد چرنوبیل، فاجعه فوکوشیما، محوشدن تدریجی دریاچه ارومیه، افت آب‏زیرزمینی و فرونشست زمین و توسعه ناپایدار آبیاری مدرن ارائه می‏‏شود که به بیان خطاهای مهندسی، تصمیم‏‏ گیری‏‏ ها در هر پیامد و نحوه برخورد با بحران از منظر اخلاق پرداخته می‏‏شود و میزان سهل‏‏انگاری، غفلت، ناآگاهی، خطاهای عمدی و بی‏‏اخلاقی در هر یک بررسی می‏‏شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اخلاق خرد؛ اخلاق کلان؛ آموزش؛ مشارکت

مراجع

جودکی، و. و اجل لوئیان، ر. 1395. اخلاق مهندسی در پروژه‌های عمرانی. فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فنّاوری، 11(3): 29-38.

صدرآرا، ر. 1382. ترجمه دایرةالمعارف فلسفه راتلج. کتاب ماه کلیات، 1-2: 1-144.

فرهود، د. 1386. مروری بر تاریخچه اخلاق همراه با گردآوری زمینه‏‌های گوناگون اخلاق. فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری، 2(1):1-6.

Abate C. 2011. Should Engineering Ethics Be Taught? Science and Engineering Ethics, 17(3): 583-596.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). 1915. Code of Ethics. Available at: https://www.aiche.org/about/code-ethics

American Institute of Electrical Engineering (AIEE). 1906. Code of Ethics. Available at: https://ewh.ieee.org/cmte/pa/Status/Ethics.html

American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE). 1915. Code of Ethics. Available at: https://www.asce.org/code-of-ethics/

American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME). 1984. Code of Ethics. Available at: https://community.asme.org/colorado_section/w/wiki/8080.code-of-ethics.aspx

Bagheri A. and Hosseini S.A. 2011. A system dynamics approach to assess water resources development scheme in the Mashhad plain, Iran, versus sustainability. Proceedings of the 4th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment (IPWE), January 2011, Singapore.Bauer C. and Adams V.D. 2005. Who Wants to Be An Ethical Engineer? 35th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Indianapolis, USA.

Buckeridge J. 2011. Do engineers still move mountains? A “new world” appraisal in light of ethics, engineering, economics and the environment. Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference 2011: Developing engineers for social justice: Community involvement, ethics & sustainability 5-7 December 2011, Fremantle, Western Australia.7-12.

Cruz J.A., Frey W.J. and Sanchez H.D. 2004. Ethics bowl in engineering ethics at the university of Puerto-Rico –Mayaguez, Teaching ethics, 4(2): 15-31.

Davis M. 1993. Ethics across the curriculum: Teaching professional responsibility in technical courses. Teaching Philosophy, 16: 205–235.

Davis M. 2006. Teaching ethics across the engineering curriculum. In Online Ethics Center for Engineering, National Academy of Engineering. http://www.onlineethics.org/CMS/edu/instructessays/ curriculum.aspx.

Dehghani M., Valadan Zoej M.J., Hooper A., Hanssen R.F., Entezam I. and Saatchi S. 2013. Hybrid conventional and persistent scatterer SAR interferometry for land subsidence monitoring in the Tehran Basin, Iran. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens, 79: 157–170.

Delju A., Ceylan A., Piguet E. and Rebetez M. 2013. Observed climate variability and change in Urmia Lake Basin, Iran. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 111(1–2): 285–296.

Döll P., Müller Schmied H., Schuh C., Portmann, F. T.and Eicker A. 2014. Global-scale assessment of groundwater depletion and related groundwater abstractions: Combining hydrological modeling with information from well observations and GRACE satellites. Journal of Water Resources Research, 50: 5698-5720.

Fathian F., Morid S. and Kahya E. 2015. Identification of trends in hydrological and climatic variables in Urmia Lake basin, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 119(3-4): 443-464.

Florman S.C. 1996. The Introspective Engineer, New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.

Foltz R. 2002. Iran's Water Crisis: Cultural, Political, and Ethical Dimensions. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 15(4): 357-380.

Ghalibafan M.B. and Moussavi Z. 2014. Development and Enviroment in Urmia Lake of Iran. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(3): 219-226.

Gleeson T., Wada Y., F.P. Bierkens M. and P.H. van Beek L. 2012. Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint. Journal of Nature, 488: 197-200.

Herkert J.R. 2003. Professional societies, microethics, and macroethics: Product liability as an ethical issue in engineering design. International Journal of Engineering Education, 19(1): 163-167.

Hojjati M.H. and Boustani F. 2010. An assessment of groundwater crisis in Iran, case study: Fars province World Academy of Science. Eng. Technol., 4: 427–431.

Hoke T. 2012. A Question of Ethics: The Importance of Understanding Engineering Ethics. Civil Engineering Magazine Archive, 82(5): 40-41.

https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/professional-ethics/v-1.

Inokuma A. and Nagayama D. 2013. The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers- Civil Engineering, 166(CE4): 170-177.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 1884. Code of Ethics. Available at: https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html

Izady A., Davary K., Alizadeh A., Ghahraman B., Sadeghi M. and Moghaddamnia A. 2012. Application of “panel-data” modeling to predict groundwater levels in the Neishaboor Plain, Iran. Hydrogeol Journal, 20: 435–447.

Lee E.A., Grohman M., Gans N.R., Tacca M. and Brown M.J. 2017. The Roles of Implicit Understanding of Engineering Ethics in Student Teams’ Discussion. Science and Engineering Ethics, 23(6):1755–1774.

Loui M. C. 2005. Ethics and the Development of Professional Identities of Engineering Students. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(4): 383-390.

Lynch W. 1997. Teaching Engineering Ethics in the United States. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 16(4): 27-36.

Maddani K. 2014. Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4(4): 315–328.

Mclean G. F. 1993. Integrating ethics and design, IEEE Technology and Society, 12(3):19-30.

Micklin P. 2007. The Aral Sea disaster. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 35: 47–72.

Motagh M., Djamour Y.,Walter T.R.,Wetzel H.U., Zschau J. and Arabi S. 2007. Land subsidence in Mashhad Valley, northeast Iran: results from InSAR, levelling and GPS. Geophys J Int, 168: 518–526.

Mousavi S.M., Shamsai A., Naggar M.H.E. and Khamehchian M. 2001. A GPS based monitoring program of land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in Iran. Can J Civ Eng., 28: 452–464.

National Society of Professional Engineering (NSPE). 1947. https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics.

O'Reilly C.M., Sharma S., Gray D.K., Hampton S.E., Read J.S., Rowley R.J., Schneider P., Lenters J.D., McIntyre P.B. and Kraemer B.M. 2015. Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42(10):773–10,781.

Pearson C. and Delatte N. 2006. Collapse of the Quebec Bridge, 1907. ASCE J. of Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(1): 84-91.

Perry C., Steduto P. and Karajeh F. 2017. Does improved irrigation technology SAVE WATER? Discussion paper on irrigation and sustainable water resources management in the Near East and North Africa. Food and AGgriculture Organization of the United Nations Cairo.

Roddis W.M.K. 1993. Structural failures and engineering ethics, J. Structural Engineering, 119: 1539-1555.

Self D.J. and Ellison E.M. 1998. Teaching engineering ethics: assessment of its influence on moral reasoning skills. Journal of Engineering Education, 87(1): 29-34.

Shadkam S., Ludwiga F., Vliet M.T.H., Pastor A. and Kabat P. 2016. Preserving the world second largest hypersaline lake under future irrigation and climate change. Science of the Total Environment, 559: 317-325.

Sindelar M., Shuman L. and Wolfe H. 2003. Assessing engineering students' abilities to resolve ethical dilemmas. 33rd ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference at Westminster, CO, USA, 25-31.

Stappenbelt B. 2013. Ethics in engineering: student perception identity development. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 3(1): 3.

Steneck N. 1999. Designing Teaching and Assessment Tools for an Integrated Engineering Ethics Curriculum. 29th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference at San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA, USA, 2: 12-17.

UNEP. 2012. The drying of Iran's Lake Urmia and its environmental consequences. Tech. rep. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Environmental Alert Service (GEAS).

UNSCEAR. 2008 a. Possible genetic effects from the Chernobyl accident. 2,. 1-219. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.

UNSCEAR. 2008 b. Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Draft report A/AC.82/R.673,. 1-220. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.

Vanderburg H. 1995. Preventive engineering: strategy for dealing with negative social and environmental implications of technology, J. Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 121: 155-160.

Whish-Wilson P. 2002. The Aral Sea environmental health crisis. J. Rural Remote Environ. Health, 1(2): 29–34.