Study of Aflatoxin-producing Fungi Contamination of Raisins Varieties Produced in Khorasane Razavi Province

مجله پژوهشهای علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران

Article 2, Volume 9, Issue 1 - Serial Number 23, April 2013   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/ifstrj.v9i1.22967

Authors

Elmira Haghighi¹; Massoumeh Mehraban Sangatash^{* 1}; Seyed Ali Mortazavi²; Mahboubeh Sarabi³; Reyhaneh Noorbakhsh¹; Mohammad Armin¹

¹Food Science and Technology Research Institute, ACECR Khorasan Razavi Branch

²Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

³Food Science and Technology Research Institute

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the mold contamination of main raisins varieties produced in Khorasan Razavi Province with aflatoxin-producing fungi and determine amount of aflatoxins. For this purpose 50 samples were collected from different markets in Kashmar, Khalil abad, Bardaskan, Mashhad and Quchan (10 samples from each city). The result showed that from 50 raisin samples, 44 samples (88%) were contaminated with fungi. The lowest and highest level of fungal contamination were observed in Quchan and Kashmar, respectively. Aflatoxigenic potential of fungi that isolated from contaminated samples were evaluated using Coconut Agar Medium and under UV light (365 nm). It is observed that 29 samples (65.9%) had Aflatoxigenic fungi. The presence of aflatoxin was confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography. No sample had greater AFB1 levels than the maximum allowed levels (5 ng/g) in raisins accepted by ISIRI (Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran). Although the amount of AFB1 in raisin varieties produced in Khorasan Razavi Province, does not appear to create a serious public health problem at present, because of Percapita consumption of raisins in Iran (22 kg/year) it is necessary to consider it as a serious health problem.

Keywords

Raisin; Fungi contamination; Aflatoxin-producing fungi; Khorasan Razavi province

References

آلکسوپولوس، سی. جی.، میمس، سی. دبلیو.، و بلک ول، ام.، 1384، اصول قارچ شناسی. ترجمه: صارمی، ح.، پیغامی، ا. و پژوهنده، م. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی، مشهد.

بارنت، اچ. ال.، و هانتر، بی.، 1368، قارچ‌های ناقص. ترجمه میناسیان، و. و علیزاده، ع. مرکز انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه شهید چمران، اهواز.

پیغامی، ا.، 1376، قارچ شناسی تکمیلی. انتشارات احرار تبریز، صفحه 416.

دفتر آمار و فناوری اطلاعات وزارت جهاد کشاورزی.، 1386، آمارنامه کشاورزی جلد اول محصولات زراعی- باغی. وزارت جهاد کشاورزی، معاونت امور برنامه‌ریزی و اقتصادی، دفتر آمار و فناوری اطلاعات.

دفتر آمار و فناوری اطلاعات وزارت جهاد کشاورزی.، 1389، نتایج طرح آمارگیری نمونه‌ای محصولات باغی سال 1387. وزارت جهاد کشاورزی، معاونت امور برنامه‌ریزی و اقتصادی، دفتر آمار و فناوری اطلاعات.

موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران.، 1369، ویژگی‌ها و روش آزمون کشمش سبز. استاندارد شماره 3122. چاپ اول.

موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران.، 1372، روش نمونه‌برداری خشکبار. استاندارد شماره 1036. چاپ دوم.

موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران.، 1374، روش شمارش و شناسایی آلودگی قارچی (کپک‌ها و مخمرها) در مواد غذایی. استاندارد شماره 997. چاپ دهم.

موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران.، 1375، آماده کردن نمونه‌های مواد غذایی و شمارش میکروارگانیسم‌های مختلف. استاندارد شماره 356. چاپ دهم.

موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران.، 1380، اندازه‌گیری آفلاتوکسین‌های گروه B و G به طریق کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارآیی عالی و خالص سازی با ستون ایمونوافینیتی. استاندارد شماره 6872. چاپ اول.

Abbas, H. K., Shier, W. T., and Horn, B. W., 2004, Cultural methods for aflatoxin detection. Journal of Toxicology, 23 (2,3):295-315.

Abdel-Sater, M. A., and Saber, S. M., 1999, Mycoflora and Mycotoxins of some Egyptian dried fruits. Bull. Fac. Sci. Assiut, 28(1-D):91-107.

Alghalibi, S., and Shater, A. R. M., 2004, Mycoflora and mycotoxin contamination of some dried fruits in Yemen Republic. Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res, 7(2):19-27.

Almeida, A. P., Correa, B., Mallozzi, M. A. B., Sawazaki, E., and Valente Soares, L. M., 2000, Mycoflora and aflatoxin/fumonisin production by fungal isolates from freshly harvested corn hybrids. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 31:321-326.

Areseculerante, S. N., Silva, L. M., Wijesundera, S., and Bandunatha, C. H. S. R., 1969, Coconut as a medium for the experimental production of aflatoxin. Applied Microbiology, 18(1):88-94.

Askun, T., Eltem, R., and Taskin, E., 2007, Comparison of rose-bengal chloramphenicol agar and dichloran glycerol agar (DG18) for enumeration and isolation of molds from raisins. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 1(2):71-74.

Atanda, O. O., Akpan, I., and Enikuomehin, O. A., 2006, Palm kernel agar: An alternative culture medium for rapid detection of aflatoxin in agricultural commodities. African Journal of Biotechnology, 56(10):1029-1033.

Cutuli, M. T., Cuellar, A. Camara, J. M. Mateos, A., and Suarez, G., 1991, Different media and methodologies for the detection of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from trout feed. Mycopathologia, 113:121-125.

Davis, N. D., Iyer, S. K., and Diener, U. L., 1987, Improved method of screening for aflatoxin with a coconut agar medium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53(7):1593-1595.

Fente, C. A., Ordaz, J. J., Vazquez, B. I., Franco, C. M., and Cepeda, A., 2001, New additive for culture media for rapid identification of aflatoxin–producing Aspergillus strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(10):4858-4862.

Grigoryan, K., Hakobyan, L., Sarkisyan, M., and Hayrapetyan, H., 2006, Mycobiota of raisin from Armenian market and factors influencing its development. Toxicology Letters. 164(1): S276.

Herry, M. P., and Lemetayer, N., 1992, Aflatoxin contamination in oil seeds, dried fruits and spices. Microbiologic, 10:261-266.

Iamanaka, B.T., Menezes, H.C., Vicente, E., Leite, R. S. F., and Taniwaki, M. H., 2007, Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil. Food Control, 18:454-457.

Iamanaka, B. T., Taniwaki, M. H., Menezes, H. C., Vicente, E., and Fungaro, M. H. P., 2005, Incidence of toxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in dried fruits sold in Brazil. Food Additives and Contaminants. 12:1258–1263.

Kavangh, K., 2005, Fungi: Biology and application. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd , England. Pp:267.

Lemke, P. A., Davis, N. D., Lyer, S. K., Creech, G. W., and Diener, U. L., 1988, Fluorometric analysis of iodinated aflatoxin in minicultures of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 3:119-125.

Lin, M. T., and Dianese, J. C., 1976, A coconut-agar medium for rapid detection of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus spp. Phytopathology, 1466-1469.

Macdonald, S., Wilson, P., Barnes, K., Damant, A., Massey, R., Mortby, E., and Shepherd, M. J., 1999, Ochratoxin A in dried vine fruit: method development and survey. Food Additives and Contaminants. 16: 253-260.

Magnoli, C., Astoreca, A., Ponsone, L., Combina, M., Palacio, G., Rosa, C. A. R., and Dalcero, A. M., 2004, Survey of mycoflora and ochratoxin A in dried vine fruits from Argentina markets. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 39(4):326-331.

Milanez, V. T., Schoenlein-Crusius, I. H., and Okino, L. K., 2002, Evaluation of Brazilian terrestrial Aspergillus strains for mycotoxin production. Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz, 61(1):7-11.

Ozay, G., Aran, M., and Pala, M., 1995, Influence of harvesting and drying technique on mycoflora and mycotoxins of figs. Nahrung, 39:156-165.

Romero, S. M., Comerio, R. M., Larumbe, G., Ritieni, A., Vaamonde, G., and Fernandez Pinto, V., 2005, Toxigenic fungi isolated from dried vine fruits in Argentina. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 104:43–49.

Stoloff, L., 1976, Occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds. In: Mycotoxins and other fungal food problems. Rodrichs, J.V. (Ed.). Adv. Chem. Ser. No. 149 Amer. Soc. pp. 23-50.

United States Department of Agriculture., 2006, Grain Fungal Diseases and Mycotoxin Reference. Retrieved on May 11, 2009, from http://archive.gipsa.usda.gov/pubs/mycobook.pdf

United States Department of Agriculture., 2010, Raisins: World markets and trade. Retrieved on September 10, 2010, from http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/2010_Raisins.pdf

Varga, J., Kocsube, S., Koncz, Z., and Teren, J., 2006, Mycobiota and ochratoxin A in raisins purchased in Hungary. Acta alimentaria. 35: 289-294.

Zohri, A. A., and Abdel-Gawad, K. M., 1993, Survey of mycoflora and mycotoxins of some dried fruits in Egypt. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 33:279-288.