ویژگی‌ های میان‌ بارهای سیال و ایزوتوپ‌ گوگرد در کانسار مس پورفیری ایجو، شمال‌ غرب شهربابک

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

مقاله 2، دوره 9، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 16، تیر 1396، صفحه 25-55   

نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/econg.v9i1.60709

نویسندگان

ملیحه گلستانی؛ محمد حسن کریم پور^* ؛ آزاده ملکزاده شفارودی؛ محمد رضا حیدریان شهری

فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

کانسار ایجو در پهنه فلززایی مس‌ پورفیری کرمان، در کمان ماگمایی ارومیه- دختر و 60 کیلومتری شمال‌غرب شهر‌بابک قرار گرفته است. کانی‌سازی مس مرتبط با توده‌های اسیدی تا حدواسط میوسن بالایی با ترکیب تونالیت تا کوارتز دیوریت است. دگرسانی گرمابی شامل کوارتز- سرسیت- پیریت و پروپلیتیک است که از این میان، دگرسانی کوارتز- سرسیت- پیریت بیشترین گسترش را داراست. کانی‌سازی به شکل پراکنده، استوک‌ورک و برش هیدروترمالی دیده می‌شود. مشاهدات صحرایی و پتروگرافی انجام‌شده، نشان می‌دهد که 3 گروه اصلی رگه-رگه‌چه در منطقه وجود دارد که رگه‌چه‌های کوارتز+پیریت از بقیه فراوانتر است و برای بررسی‌های سیال درگیر و ایزوتوپ گوگرد انتخاب شدند. همچنین پتروگرافی سیالات درگیر نشان می‌دهد که در کانسار ایجو هشت گروه سیال درگیر شامل سیالات درگیر تک‌فازی غنی از مایع، سیالات درگیر دو فازی غنی از مایع، سیالات درگیر دو فازی غنی از بخار، سیالات درگیر سه فازی غنی از بخار (بخار- مایع- فلز)، سیالات درگیر سه فازی غنی از مایع (مایع- بخار- فلز)، سیالات درگیر 3 فازی هالیت‌دار (مایع-بخار- هالیت)، سیال درگیر چهار فازی (مایع- بخار- فلز± کالکوپیریت) که به‌صورت ثانویه است و فقط یکی از آن دیده شد و سیالات درگیر چند فازی شامل: (مایع-بخار-هالیت-فلز)، (مایع-بخار-هالیت-فلز±انیدریت) و (مایع-بخار-هالیت-فلز±کالکوپیریت) وجود دارد که در دو گروه بدون فاز هالیت و حاوی فاز هالیت قرار می‌گیرند. بررسی‌های دماسنجی نشان می‌دهد که محدوده دمای همگن‌شدگی نهایی و شوری برای سیالات درگیر بدون فاز هالیت °C380 تا 140 و Wt.%NaCl 24 تا 18/0 و برای سیالات درگیر حاوی فاز هالیت °C480 تا 230 و Wt.%NaCl 52 تا 30 است که با کانسارهای مس پورفیری ایران مشابهت دارد. بیشترین دمای همگن‌شدگی ‌نهایی مربوط به سیالات سه فازی (L+V+H) است. همچنین فشار و عمق برای سیالات درگیر حاوی فاز هالیت به‌طور میانگین bar750 و m3500 است. سیالات درگیر مایع+بخار+هالیت+فلز+کالکوپیریت با شوری بالای 27/49 تا 55/51 و دمای 7/420 تا 442 درجه سانتی‌گراد مسؤول حمل مس و به‌دنبال آن رسوب کالکوپیریت است. محدوده وسیع در بین داده‌های سیالات درگیر می‌تواند به‌وسیله تغییرات فیزیکوشیمیایی در سیال مانند جوشش، سرد شدن و اختلاط با سیالات سطحی توجیه شود. مقدار 34Sδ کانی پیریت از 86/0- تا 27/1+ در هزار (میانگین 228/0+ درهزار) در حال نوسان است که مقدار 34SH2Sδ سیال همزاد با کانی پیریت محدوده 23/0- تا 36/2- در هزار (میانگین 17/1- در هزار) بوده که خاستگاه ماگمایی را برای گوگرد نشان می‌دهد. به‌نظر می‌رسد، به‌دلیل عمق زیاد جایگذاری، پایین بودن آب در ماگمای مولد و به تبع آن فقیر بودن سیال کانه‌ساز اولیه از مس و نبود شرایط مناسب (نبود گسل‌های منطقه‌ای و شکستگی‌های فراوان) برای خروج و تثبیت مس در سنگ میزبان، کانسار مس پورفیری ایجو نیمه ‌اقتصادی تا غیراقتصادی ‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

سیال درگیر؛ ایزوتوپ گوگرد؛ مس پورفیری؛ ایجو؛ کرمان

مراجع

Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L., Whitechurch, H., Vrielynck, B., Spakman, W., Monie, P., Meyer, B. and Wortel, R., 2011. Zagros orogeny: a subduction-dominated process. Geological Magazine, 148(5-6): 692–725.

Aghazadeh, M., 2011. Geological and alteration map of Darreh Zar porphyry copper mine with 1:1000 scale. National Iranian Copper Industries Company.

Aghazadeh, M., Houb, Z., Badrzadeh, Z. and Zhou, L., 2015. Temporal-spatial distribution and tectonic setting of porphyry copper deposits in Iran: Constraints from zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 70: 385-406.

Ahmad, T. and Poshtkouhi, M., 1993. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Urumia - Dokhtar volcanics around Nain and Rafsanjan areas: A preliminary study. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 50 pp.

Alavi, M., 1991. Tectonic map of the Middle East: scale 1:5000000. Geologic Survey of Iran, Tehran.

Alfons, M., Kerkhof, V. and Ulrich, F.H., 2001. Fluid inclusion petrography. Lithos, 55(1-4): 27-47.

Allen, M.B. and Armstrong, H.A., 2008. Arabia–Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid Cenozoic global cooling. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 265(1-2): 52–58.

Andrew, G.S.D., Cook, D. and Gemmel, J.B., 2008. Hydrothermal breccias and veins at the Kelian gold mine, Kalimantan, Indonesia: Genesis of a large epithermal gold deposit. Economic Geology, 103(4): 717-757.

Asadi, S., Moore, F., Zarasvandi, A. and Khosrojerdi, M., 2013. First report on the occurrence of CO2-bearing fluid inclusions in the Meiduk porphyry copper deposit, Iran: Implications for mineralization processes in a continental collision setting. Geologos, 19(4): 301-320.

Audetat, A., Pettke, T., Heinrich, C.A. and Bodnar, R.J., 2008. The composition of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in barren and mineralized intrusions. Economic Geology, 103(5): 877-908.

Azizi, H. and Jahangiri, A., 2008. Cretaceous subduction-related volcanism in the northern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Iran. Journal of Geodynamics, 45(4): 178–190.

Becker, S.P., Fall, A. and Bodnar, R.J., 2008. Synthetic fluid inclusions. XVII.1 PVTX properties of high salinity H2O-NaCl solutions (>30 wt % NaCl): Application to fluid inclusions that homogenize by halite disappearance from porphyry copper and other hydrothermal ore deposits. Economic Geology, 103(3): 539-554.

Berberian, M., 1981. Active faulting and tectonics of Iran. In: H.K. Gupta and F.M. Delany (Editors), Zagros-Hindu Kush Himalaya Geodynamic Evolution. American Geophysical Union Geodynamic Series, Washington, D.C., pp. 33-69.

Bodnar, R.J., 1995. Fluid-inclusion evidence for a magmatic source for metals in porphyry copper deposits. In: J.F.H. Thompson (Editor), Magmas, fluids and ore deposits. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, Quebec, Canada, pp. 139-152.

Bodnar, R.J. and Vityk, M.O., 1994. Interpretation of microthermometric data for NaCl-H2O fluid inclusions. In: B. De Vivo and M.L. Frezzotti (Editors), Fluid inclusions in minerals: Methods and applications. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, pp. 117-131.

Bowden, C.D., 2007. Epithermal system of the Seongsan district, south Korea, investigation on the geological setting and spatial and temporal relationship between high and low sulfidation. Ph.D thesis, James Cook university, Queensland, Australia, 250 pp.

Brown, P.E. and Lamb, W.M., 1989. P-V-T properties of fluids in the system H2O±CO2±NaCl: New graphic presentations and implications for fluid inclusion studies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53(6): 1209-1221.

Calagari, A.A., 2003. Stable isotope (S, O, H and C) studies of the phyllic and potassic–phyllic alteration zones of the porphyry copper deposit at Sungun, East Azarbaidjan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(7): 767-780.

Calagari, A.A., 2004. Fluid inclusion studies in quartz veinlets in the porphyry copper deposit at Sungun, East-Azarbaidjan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 23(2): 179-189.

Chen, Y.J., Piranjno, F., Li, N., Guo, D.Sh. and Lai, Y., 2009. Isotope systematica and fluid inclusion studies of the Qiyugou breccia pipe- hosted gold deposit, Qinling Orogen, Henan province, China: Implication for ore genesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 35(2): 245-261.

Chou, I.M., 1987. Phase relations in the system NaCl-KCl-H2O. III: Solubilities of halite in vapour saturated liquids above 445 C and redetermination of phase equilibrium properties in the system NaCl-H2O to 1000 C and 1500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(7):1965-1975

Dargahi, S., Arvin, M., Pan, Y. and Babaei, A., 2010. Petrogenesis of post-collisional A-type granitoids from the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic assemblage, southwestern Kerman, Iran: constraints on the Arabian–Eurasian continental collision. Lithos, 115(1-4): 190–204.

Dimitrijevic, M.D., 1973. Geology of Kerman region. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Report No. Yu/52, 334 pp.

Drummond, S.E. and Ohmoto, H., 1985. Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology, 80(1): 126-147.

Gokce, A., 2000. Ore deposits. Cumhuriyet University Publication 100, Sivas, Turkey, 336 pp.

Gruen, G., Heinrich, C.A. and Schroeder, K., 2010. The Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit. II. vein geometry and ore shell formation by pressure-driven rock extension. Economic Geology, 105(1): 69-90.

Gustafson, L.B. and Hunt, J.P., 1975. The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Economic Geology, 70(5): 857-912.

Hall, D.L., Sterner, S.M. and Bodnar, R.J., 1988. Freezing point depression of NaCI-KCI-H2O solutions. Economic Geology, 83(1): 197-202.

Hassanzadeh, J., 1993. Metallogenic and tectonomagmatic events in the SE sector of the Cenozoic active continental margin of central Iran (Shahr e Babak area, Keman Province). Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, America, 204 pp.

Hedenquist, J.W., Arribas, A. and Reynolds, T.J., 1998. Evolution of an intrusion centered hydrothermal system: Far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines. Economic Geology, 93(4): 373-404.

Hezarkhani, A., 2006. Hydrothermal evolution of the Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry Cu–Mo deposit, Iran: Evidence from fluid inclusions. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 28(4-6): 409-422.

Hezarkhani, A. and Hajizadeh, F., 2011. Geochemical study of ore-bearing fluids in Chah-Firuzeh porphyry copper deposit north of Shahr-e-Babak (Kerman province), and its economic evaluation. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology, 1(2): 43-53. (in Persian)

Hoefs, J., 2004. Stable isotope geochemistry. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 244 pp.

Honarmand, M., Ranjbar, H. and Shahabpour, J., 2011. Application of spectral analysis in Mapping hydrothermal alteration of the Northwestern part of the Kerman Cenozoic Magmatic Arc, Iran. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 22(3): 221-238.

Horton, B.K., Hassanzadeh, J., Stockli, D.F., Axen, G.J., Gillis, R.J., Guest, B., Amini, A., Fakhari, M.D., Zamanzadeh, S.M. and Grove, M., 2008. Detrital zircon provenance of Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic deposits in Iran: implications for chronostratigraphy and collisional tectonics. Tectonophysics, 451(1-4): 97–122.

Hubner, H., 1969. Geological map of Iran sheet no. 5, scale 1:1,000,000, south central Iran. Tehran, National Iranian Oil Company.

John, D.A., 2010. Porphyry copper deposit model. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 169 pp.

Kan Iran Exploration Consulting Engineers, 2008. Geological-Mineral studies of the Iju area on a scale of 1:5000. National Iranian Copper Industries Company, Sarcheshmeh, Iran, 102 pp. (in Persian)

Karimpour, M.H. and Saadat, S., 2002. Applied Economic Geology. Arsalan, Mashhad, 535 pp. (in Persian)

Karimpour, M.H., Stern, C.R., Farmer, L., Saadat, S. and Malekezadeh Shafaroudi, A., 2011. Review of age, Rb-Sr geochemistry, and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lut Block, Eastern Iran. Geopersia, 1(1): 19-36.

Kouhestani, H, Ghaderi, M., Chang, Z. and Zaw, Kh., 2015. Constraints on the ore fluids in the Chah Zard breccia-hosted epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Iran: Fluid inclusions and stable isotope studies. Ore Geology Reviews, 65(2): 512-521.

Kouzmanov, K. and Ramboz, C., 2003. Stable isotopic constrains on the origin of epithermal Cu-Au and related porphyry copper mineralizations in the southern Panagyurishte district, Srednogorie zone, Bulgaria. In: D.G. Eliopoulos (Editor), Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development. Millpress, Rotterdam, pp. 1181-1184.

Maanijou, M., Mostaghimi, M., Abdollahy Riseh, M. and Sepahi Gerow, A.A., 2012. Systematic sulfur stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies on veinlet groups in the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit: based on new data. Journal of Economic Geology, 4(2): 217-239. (in Persian with English abstract)

Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., Karimpour, M.H. and Mazaheri, S.A., 2010. Geology, alteration, mineralization and geochemistry of MA-II region, Maherabad porphyry copper-gold prospect area, South Khorasan province. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 17(4): 639-654. (in Persian with English abstract)

Masterman, G.J., Cooke, D.R., Berry, R.F., Walshe, J.L., Lee, A.W. and Clark, A.H., 2005. Fluid chemistry, structural setting, and emplacement history of the Rosario Cu-Mo

porphyry and Cu-Ag-Au epithermal veins, Collahuasi district, northern Chile. Economic Geology, 100(2): 835−862.

McQuarrie, N., Stock, J.M., Verdel, C. and Wernicke, B.P., 2003. Cenozoic evolution of Neotethys and implications for the causes of plate motions. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(20): 2036.

Mirnejad, H., Mathur, R., Hassanzadeh, J., Shafie, B. and Nourali, S., 2013. Linking Cu mineralization to host porphyry emplacement: Re–Os ages of molybdenites versus U–Pb ages of zircons and sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite and chalcopyrite from the Iju and Sarkuh porphyry deposits in southeast Iran. Economic Geology, 108(4): 861–870.

Moritz, R., Jackquat, S., Chambefort, I. and Fontignie, D., 2003. Controls on ore formation at high sulfidation Au-Cu Chelopech deposit, Bulgaria: evidence from infrared fluid inclusion microthermometry of enargite and isotope systematics of barite. In: D.G. Eliopoulos (Editor), Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development. Millpress, Rotterdam, pp. 1209-1212.

Nash, J.T., 1976. Fluid inclusion petrology, data from porphyry copper deposits and applications to exploration. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 907-D: 1-16.

Nateghi, A. and Hezarkhani, A., 2013. Fluid inclusion evidence for hydrothermal fluid evolution in the Darreh-Zar porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 73: 240–251.

Nourali, S. and Mirnejad, H., 2012. Hydrothermal evolution of the Sar-Kuh porphyry copper deposit, Kerman, Iran: A fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope investigation. Geopersia, 2(2): 93-107.

Ohmoto, H., 1972. Systematics of the sulfur and carbon in hydrothermal ore deposits. Economic Geology, 67(5): 551-578.

Ohmoto, H. and Goldhaber, M.B., 1997. Sulfur and carbon isotopes. In: H.L. Barnes (Editor), Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 517-611.

Ohmoto, H. and Rye, R.O., 1979. Isotopes of sulfur and carbon. In: H.L. Barnes (Editor), Geochemistry of hydrothermal of ore deposits. Wiley Interscience, New York, pp. 509-567.

Pars Olang Consulting Engineers, 2008. Evaluation of copper reserve in the Iju copper deposit. National Iranian Copper Industries Company, Sarcheshmeh, Iran, 83 pp. (in Persian)

Pollard, P.J. and Taylor, R.G., 2002. Paragenesis of the Grasberg Cu-Au deposit, Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Results from logging section 13. Mineralium Deposita, 37(1): 117−136.

Rankin, A.H., Ramsey, M.H., Coles, B., Van Langevelde, F. and Thomas, C.R., 1992. The composition of hypersaline, iron-rich granitic fluids based on laser-ICP and synchrotron-XRF microprobe analysis of individual fluid inclusions in topaz, Mole granite, eastern Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56(1): 67-79.

Richards, J.P., Spell, T., Rameh, E., Razique, A. and Fletcher, T., 2012. High Sr/Y magmas reflect arc maturity, high magmatic water content, and porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au potential: Examples from the Tethyan arcs of central and eastern Iran and western Pakistan. Economic Geology, 107(2): 295-332.

Roedder, E., 1979. Origin and significance of magmatic inclusions. Bulletin de Mineralogie, 102(5-6): 487-510.

Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Mineralogical Society of America, United States, 644 pp.

Roedder, E. and Bodnar, R.J., 1980. Geologic pressure determinations from fluid inclusion studies. Annual Review Earth Planet, 8(1): 263-301.

Rusk, B.G. and Reed, M.H., 2008. Fluid inclusion evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution in the porphyry copper- molybdenum deposit at Butte, Montana. Economic Geology, 103(2): 307-334.

Rye, R.O., 2005. A review of the stable-isotope geochemistry of sulfate minerals in selected igneous environments and related hydrothermal systems. Chemical Geology, 215(1): 5-36.

Sengör, A.M.C. and Natal'in, B.A., 1996. Palaeotectonics of Asia: fragments and synthesis. In: A. Yin and M. Harrison (Editors), The Tectonic Evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 486–640.

Shafiei, B., Haschke, M. and Shahabpour, J., 2009. Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, southeastern Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 44(3): 265-283.

Shahabpour, J., 1982. Aspects of alteration and mineralization at the Sar Cheshmeh copper–molybdenum deposit, Kerman, Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leeds, U.K., 342 pp.

Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M., 1985. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies. Blackie, London, 239 pp.

Sheppard, S.M.F. and Gustafson, L.B., 1976. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Economic Geology, 71(8): 1549-1559.

Sheppard, S.M.F., Nielsen, R.L. and Taylor, H.P.Jr., 1971. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in minerals from porphyry copper deposits. Economic Geology, 66(4): 515-542.

Sheppard, S.M.F. and Taylor, H.P.Jr., 1974. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for the origins of water in the Boulder Batholith and the Butte Ore Deposits, Montana. Economic Geology, 69(6): 926-946.

Siivola, J. and Schmid, R.A., 2007. Systematic nomenclature for metamorphic rocks: 12. List of mineral abbreviations. Recommendations by the IUGS Sub commission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks. Recommendations, web version of 01.02.2007.

http://www.bgs.ac.uk/scmr/products.html.

Sinclair, W.D., 2007. Porphyry deposits. In: W.D. Goodfellow (Editor), Mineral Deposits of Canada: A Synthesis of Major Deposit-Types, District Metallogeny, the Evolution of Geological Provinces, and Exploration Methods: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division. Geological Society London Special Publications, London, pp. 223-243.

Spooner, E.T.C., 1981. Fluid inclusion studies of hydrothermal ore deposits. In: L.S. Hollister and M.L. Crawford (Editors), Fluid Inclusions: Applications to Petrology. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Canada, pp. 209-240.

Stampfli, G.M., 2000. Tethyan oceans. In: E. Bozkurt, J.A. Winchester and J.D.A. Piper (Editors), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society of London Special Publications, London, pp. 1–23.

Stocklin, J., 1974. Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In: C.A. Burk and C.L. Drake (Editors), The Geology of Continental Margins. Springer, Berlin, pp. 873–887.

Taghipour, N., Aftabi, A.L. and Mathur, R., 2008. Geology and Re-Os geochronology of mineralization of the Miduk porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Resource Geology, 58(2): 143-160.

Taghipour, N. and Dorani, M., 2013. Sulfur and oxygen stable isotopes geochemistry of sulfide minerals and sulfate in Parkam porphyry copper deposit, Shahr-e-Babak, Kerman province. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology, 3(8): 61-70. (in Persian with English abstract)

Talebi, M., 2005. Mineralogy, alteration and lithogeochemistry of Iju porphyry copper deposit, NW Shahr-e-Babak. M.Sc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 275 pp.

Thiersch, P.C., Williams-Jones, A.E. and Clark, J.R., 1997. Epithermal mineralization and ore controls of the Shasta Au-Ag deposit, Toodoggone District, British Columbia, Canada. Mineralium Deposita, 32(1): 44-57.

Ulrich, T., Gunther, D. and Heinrich, C.A., 1999. Gold concentrations of magmatic brines and the metal budget of porphyry copper deposits. Nature, 399(6737): 676-679.

Ulrich, T., Gunther, D. and Heinrich, C.A., 2002. The evolution of a porphyry Cu-Au deposit, based on LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions: Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina. Economic Geology, 97(8): 1889-1920.

Van den Kerkhof, A.M. and Hein, U.F., 2001. Fluid inclusion petrography. Lithos, 55(1-4): 27–47.

Verdel, C., Wernicke, B.P., Hassanzadeh, J. and Guest, B., 2011. A Paleogene extensional arc flare up in Iran. Tectonics, 30 (TC3008): 1–20.

Waterman, G.C. and Hamilton, R.L., 1975. The Sar Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit. Economic Geology, 70(3): 568-576.

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185-187.

Wilkinson, J.J., 2001. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits. Lithos, 55(1): 229-272.

Wilkinson, J.J., Rankin, A.H., Mulshaw, S.C., Nolan, J. and Ramsey, M.H., 1994. Laser ablation-ICP-AES for the determination of metals in fluid inclusions: An application to the study of magmatic ore fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(3): 1133-1146.

Yilmaz, H., Oyman, T., Sonmez, F.N., Arehart, G.A. and Billor, Z., 2010. Intermediate sulfidation epithermal gold-base metal deposits in tertiary subaerial volcanic rocks, Sahinli/Tespih dere (Lapseki/ Western Turkey). Ore Geology Review, 37(3): 236-258.

Yilmaz, Y., 1993. New evidence and model on the evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogen. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105(2): 251–271.

Zarasvandi, A., Liaghat, S. and Zentilli, M., 2005. Geology of the Darreh–Zerreshk and Ali-Abad porphyry copper deposits, Central Iran. International Geology Review, 47(6): 620-646.

Zarnab Exploration Consulting Engineers, 2009. Geological and alteration report of the Iju area on a scale of 1:1000. National Iranian Copper Industries Company, Sarcheshmeh, Iran, 197 pp. (in Persian)