ارزیابی ویژگی های روان سنجی مقیاس سه گانه تاریک شخصیت

پژوهش های روان شناسی بالینی و مشاوره

مقاله 4، دوره 6، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 11، خرداد 1395، صفحه 77-97   

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijap.v6i1.49000

نویسندگان

سهراب امیری^{* 1}؛ ابو القاسم یعقوبی²

¹دانشگاه ارومیه

²دانشگاه بوعلی سینای همدان

چکیده

هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی و ارزیابی ویژگی های روان سنجی مقیاس سه گانه تاریک کوتاه (SD3) بر روی دانشجویان بود.
روش: جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر دانشجویان دانشگاه بوعلی سینا در سال تحصیلی 94-93 بود. که 376 نفر بر اساس نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند. به منظور بررسی ویژگی های روان سنجی مقیاس مذکور ابتدا مقیاس صفات تاریک شخصیتی با تکنیک ترجمه مضاعف ترجمه شده و در نهایت به منظور بررسی شاخص های روان سنجی آن، این مقیاس همراه با پرسشنامه چند محوری میلون (MCMI)، مقیاس تکانشگری بارت (BIS) و پرسش نامه فرم کوتاه خودشیفته (16-NPI) اجرا گردید. داده های گردآوری شده مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته و شاخص های پایایی، روایی و تحلیل عاملی تاییدی محاسبه گردید.
یافته ها: تحلیل داده های گردآوری شده نشان داد که این مقیاس از نظر پایایی دارای ضرایب آلفای 65/0 تا 82/0 در سه زیرمقیاس است، همچنین روایی همزمان آن با زیرمقیاس سایکوپات، خودشیفته از پرسشنامه چند محوری میلون (MCMI)، زیرمقیاس های تکانشگری توجهی، حرکتی و بی برنامه گی مقیاس تکانشگری بارت (BIS) و پرسش نامه فرم کوتاه خودشیفته (16-NPI) به ترتیب 21/0، 31/0، 52/0، 33/0 ،18/0 و 37/0 بدست آمد. همچنین نتایج تحلیل عاملی تاییدی از ساختار سه عاملی مقیاس حمایت کرد. مقیاس سه گانه تاریک کوتاه (SD3) دارای ویژگی های روان سنجی مطلوبی در جامعه دانشجویی ایرانی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

صفات سه گانه تاریک؛ تکانشگری؛ چند محوری میلون

مراجع

Ali, F., Amorim, I. S., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009). Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 758-762.

Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440-450.

Back, M. D., Kufner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 10131037.

Barratt, E; Stanford, M. S., Kent, T.A; & Felthous, A. (1997). Neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological substrates of impulsive aggreression. Biological psychiatry, 41, 1045-1061.

Baughman, H. M., Dearing, S., Giammarco, E., & Vernon, P. A. (2012). Relationships between bullying behaviours and the Dark Triad: A study with adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 571–575.

Block, J. (2010). The five-factor framing of personality and beyond: Some ruminations. Psychological Inquiry, 21, 2–25.

Board, B. J., & Fritzon, K. (2005). Disordered personalities at work. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11, 17-32.

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press.

Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Crede, M., Harms, P. D., Niehorster, S., & Gaye-Valentine, A. (2012). An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 874-888.

Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of Management, 35, 219-257.

DeYoung, C. G., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2002). Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health? Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 533-552.

Furnham, A., Richards, S., & Paulhus, D. (2013). The Dark Triad: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 199–215.

Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 854-878.

Gentile, V., Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory-13 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16. Psychological Assessment, 25, 1120-1136.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.

Harms, P.D., Roberts, B. W., & Kuncel, N. (2004).The mini-markers of evil: Using adjectives to measure the Dark Triad of personality. Presented at the meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Austin, TX.

Hodson, G., Hogg, S. M., & MacInnis, C. C. (2009). The role of ‘‘dark personalities’’ (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy), Big Five personality factors, and ideology in explaining prejudice. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 686–690.

Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling A: Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55.

Hubley, A. M., & Zumbo, B. D. (1996). A dialectic on validity: Where we have been and where we are going. Journal of General Psychology, 123, 207-215.

Hunter, J. E., Gerbing, D. W., & Boster, F. J. (1982). Machiavellianism beliefs and personality: Construct invalidity of the Machiavellianism dimensions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1293–1305.

Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 331-339.

Jonason, P. K., & Kavanagh, P. (2010). The dark side of love: The Dark Triad and love styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 606-610.

Jonason, P. K., & Luevano, V. (2013). Walking the thin line between efficiency and accuracy: Validity and structure of the Dirty Dozen. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 76–81.

Jonason, P. K., & Tost, J. (2010). I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 611-615.

Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The Dirty Dozen: A concise measure of the Dark Triad. Psychological Assessment, 22, 420-432.

Jonason, P. K., Koenig, B., & Tost, J. (2010a). Living a fast life: The Dark Triad and Life History Theory. Human Nature, 21, 428-442.

Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Teicher, E. A. (2010). Who is James Bond? The Dark Triad as an agentic social style. Individual Differences Research, 8, 111-120.

Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., Webster, G. W., Schmitt, D. P. (2009). The Dark Triad: Facilitating short-term mating in men. European Journal of Personality, 23, 5-18.

Jonason, P. K., Webster, G. D., Schmitt, D. P., Li, N. P., & Crysel, L. (2012). The antihero in popular culture: Life history theory and the dark triad personality traits. Review of General Psychology, 16, 192–199.

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2008). Machiavellianism: A new measurement approach. Presented at the meeting of the Association for Research in Personality, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary, & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93108). New York: Guilford Press.

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Different provocations trigger aggression in narcissists and psychopaths. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 12-18.

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011a). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz, & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp. 249267). New York: Wiley.

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011b). The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 679682.

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality trait. Assessment, 21(1):28-41.

Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. (2006). LISREL 8.80 for Windows [Computer Software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.

Kerig, P. K., & Stellwagen, K. K. (2010). Roles of callous–unemotional traits, narcissism, and Machiavellianism in childhood aggression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 343-352.

Kessler, S., Bandelli, A., Spector, P., Borman, W., Nelson, C., & Penny, L. (2010). Re-examining Machiavellianism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 18681896.

Khwaja-Mvghy, N. (1993). Preparation of preliminary Persian form of Millon clinical Multiaxial inventory 2 In Tehran, MA thesis, (unpublished), Tehran Psychiatric Institute. (In Persian).

Kowalski, R. M. .(2001). Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 329-358.

Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C., (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1571-1582.

Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Wiltshire, J., Bourdage, J. S., Visser, B. A., & Gallucci, A. (2013). Sex, power, and money: Prediction from the Dark Triad and Honesty-Humility. European Journal of Personality, 27, 169-184.

Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in non-criminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 488-524.

Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM–IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 401-412.

Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2007). Using a general model of personality to identify the basic elements of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 160-178.

MacNeil, B. M., Whaley, I., & Holden, R. R. (2007). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Dark Triad Screening measure. Presented at the meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, Canada.

Mahmut, M. K., Menictas, C., Stevenson, R. J., & Homewood, J. (2011). Validating the factor structure of the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 23, 670-678.

Maples, J. L., Lamkin, J., & Miller, J. D. (2014). A Test of Two Brief Measures of the Dark Triad: The Dirty Dozen and Short Dark Triad. Psychological Assessment, 26, 326 –331.

Marnat, G. G. (2003). Handbook of Psychological Assessment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

McHoskey, J. (1995). Narcissism and Machiavellianism. Psychological Reports, 77, 755–759.

McHoskey, J. W., Worzel, W., & Syzarto, C. (1998). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 192-210.

McHoskey, J., Worzel, W., & Syzarto, C. (1995). Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 192-210.

Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable Dark Triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78, 15291564.

Miller, J. D., Few, L. R., Seibert, L. A., Watts, A., Zeichner, A., & Lynam, D. R. (2012). An examination of the Dirty Dozen measure: A cautionary tale about the costs of brief measures. Psychological Assessment, 24, 1048-1053.

Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Gaughan, E. T., Gentile, B., Maples, J., & Campbell, W. K. (2011). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A nomological network analysis. Journal of Personality, 79, 1013–1042.

Mohammadzadeh. A. (2010). Iranian validation of the narcissistic personality inventory-16. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 11(4): 274-81. (In Persian).

Musek, J. (2007). A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1213–1233.

Naderi, F., & Haghshenas, F. (2009). Validation of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the relationship between impulsivity and loneliness, with the use of mobile phones on male and female students in Ahvaz University. Master's thesis in General Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. (In Persian).

O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of the Dark Triad and work behaviour: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 557–579.

Patton, J. H; Stanford, M. S; & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768-774.

Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2011). A short measure of the Dark Triad. Presented at meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, Texas.

Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563.

Paulhus, D. L., Neumann, C. S., & Hare, R. D. (2014).Manual for the Self-Report Psychopathy (SRP) scale. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365-379.

Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.

Rauthmann, J. F. (2013). Investigating the MACH IV with Item Response Theory and proposing the trimmed MACH. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 388-397.

Ross, S. R., Lutz, C. J., & Bailley, S. E. (2004). Psychopathy and the five factor model in a noninstitutionalized sample: a domain and facet level analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 213–223.

Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness of fit measures. Psychological Research, 8, 23-74.

Sharifi, A. A. (2002)."Standardization of Millon clinical Multiaxial inventory 3 in Isfahan, MA thesis, (unpublished), University of Esfahan. (In Persian).

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn and Bacon.

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, K. W. (2003). ‘‘Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve?’’ Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 261–272.

Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C., & Harris, J. A. (2008). A behavioural genetic investigation of humour styles and their correlations with the Big-5 personality dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1116–1125.

Veselka, L., Schermer, J. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2012). The Dark Triad and an expanded framework of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 417-425.

Williams, K. M., Nathanson, C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Identifying and profiling scholastic cheaters: Their personality, cognitive ability, and motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 16, 293-307.

Williams, K. M., Paulhus, D. L., & Hare, R. D. (2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 205-219.

Wilson, D. S., Near, D., & Miller, R. R. (1996). Machiavellianism: A synthesis of the evolutionary and psychological literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 285-289.