Evaluation and Zoning the Risk of Rock Falls in the Band Area of Urmia (Urmia-Silvana Road Path) using Anbalagan Method

جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی

Article 5, Volume 8, Issue 1 - Serial Number 29, June 2018, Pages 83-102   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/geo.v0i0.77318

Authors

Hassan Haji Hosseinlou^{* 1}; Reza Abbasian Valandar²

¹Islamic Azad University, Khoy Branch

²Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch

Abstract

1 Introduction
Hillside instabilities, including the separation of rock fragments from heights and their displacement are under the influence of various forces of natural phenomena which occur abundantly in Rocky Mountains every year. The Uremia –Silvana road with approximately 14 kilometers in length passes through Band village, which has lost almost its rural form. Band is a mountainous village and is located in a mountainous region and it has great sights that have turned this promenade to the natural attraction for Uremia city.  In addition to this, the river of Chai city passes through the middle of this village and also the dam of the Chai city which is one of the most beautiful dams in Iran lies in the west of this village and adds to the beauty sights of this area. From the villages around study area, we can mention to the Mir Abad village in the north of it, as well as the villages of Nowshan Sefli and Nowshan Alia in west and the village of Shamlakan in the south of the promenade. We saw major natural hazards, including Hillside instability, such as creep, rock falls, debris and the presence of loose losing alluvium by scrolling along the pathway of Uremia -Silvana; that threat the Uremia- Silvana road and engineering facilities around it in addition to the inhabitants of Band village and Nowshan Sefli.
2 Materials and Methods
Various methods have been proposed by scientists and researchers for zoning, each of which has been presented for a specific purpose and for a specific region. In this research, was used of the Anbalagan zoning method that is one of the most common methods for zoning of Natural hazards.  This method helps designers and engineers significantly for implementation of development plans in mountainous areas. The mentioned method depends on the major factors that have effect on Hillside instability, such as geology, gradient, land use and land cover, height difference, and so on. In this research, first data collection was done from the exact position of the hazards, including creep, rock falls, debris, and the presence of loose alluvial deposits in the place of trenches using the (GPS) device by scientific literature, library resources, indigenous knowledge, interviews with residents of the area and extensive scaling in the study area and after field surveys and studying satellite Images, prepared points in field have been provided as a separate layer in (Arc GIS) software and to avoid computational error of software, we reviewed the scope of the study area and identified it with polygon. And in this paper, weighted values that are considered for classification of maps of different factors are from 1 to 10. In this paper, the number 1 has been chosen as the maximum risk for each unit, and the number 10 is our optimal one. The characteristics of the effective parameters in the risk evaluation and how to value them, has been done as follows.
3 Results and Discussion
Rocks fall in mountainous areas is a natural phenomenon and their occurrence is a natural event. But when rocks fall threatens human lives (financially and mortally) becomes a natural hazard, and are considered as natural disasters in a situation where there are many mortal and financial losses as a result of their occurrence, however, the collapse of hard and connected to Hillside rocks threats the stability of the area due to the climatic territory and the type of rocks and their characteristics. This instability is for urban and rural housing, recreational and tourist facilities and industrial plants located on subcutaneous or roads that cross mountainous areas. As can be seen in (Fig. 5) and has been shown on the satellite map of the study area with points (3, 4, 7, and 6) (Fig. 6). The fall of rocks has threatened rural buildings and roadway and gas and electricity pumping stations in the region. Severe fluctuations in round the clock temperature, especially at elevations above 1600 meters, lead to intensified chyroclasty activity. In this way, in addition to rural houses and vital facilities, roads were bounded on one side or on either side by a very steep wall of the slopes are continually threatened with the risk of falling large and small rock pieces. In particular, if the earth-forming rocks have several grooves and joints and dialects. Water penetration in the grooves and temperature changes to the point where it is suitable for freezing and melting are led to gradual dismemberment and the provision of coarse fragments and debris. The resulting fragments are collected at the down of the slopes which often have slope cuts or on slopes with gradient less than 35 degrees or 40 degrees.  But if the balance of the gradient of the debris collapses for any reason or the gradient of slope is greater than 40 degrees, the fragments obtained from mother rock fall only under the influence of gravity as soon as they are separated from its wall.
1- The fractures of the studied area are the most noticeable tectonic effects, as has been shown at the points (10, 11, and 12) in the satellite image (Fig. 6) jointing along with erosion leads to the crushing of lava on the roadway. Rock falls can attack large structures such as dams and bring damages to their secondary facilities. that of course, rock falls in the 21 point and surrounding areas of the Chai city dam (pebble soil reservoir dam with clay core with a height of 119 meters from the foundation and 84 meters high from the bed and a crown length of 550 meters has been located in the west of the village of Nowshan Alia) has been shown in the satellite image of figure 6. That in this regard, the necessity of using rock falls stabilization methods should be on the agenda to prevent possible damages (Fig. 8). Rocks have become to large and small fragments and as a result of gravity has fallen to the down the hillside. Figure (7), So that they have been formed with steep gradients towards layers that indicate mild flaking in the region and show good correlation with the condition of flaking of the rock units in many cases. Most of these fractures are tectonically young
2- Extreme motility of drift and hidden faults has caused severe crushing of rocks and has created fractures and join on the Uremia- Silvana road.
3- Due to climate change during the year in the study area, the climate along with tectonic factor have caused severe erosion of the outcrops in the area and have increased the volume of debris at down the mountains.
4- Tectonization of the study area is the main reason for rock falls in the region, therefore, as shown in the map of zoning of the risk level in the region, villages and communication routes are affected by faults and hillside falls in high risk areas.
5- According to the zoning the risk level map in the studied area, engineering structures with foundation point such as power distribution stations and very large engineering structures such as Chai city dam are located in areas with medium to very high risk. Therefore, hillside stabilization operation should be done in these areas.
6- In addition to rock falls, the phenomenon of creep has been seen in some parts of the villages in the area and communication paths due to the high groundwater level and the presence of loose alluvials with a height of more than 7 meters in the studied area. That the villages and communication paths should be moved into lower risk areas according to the zoning of hazard levels map.
4 Conclusion
The Uremia - Silvana road is located in the southwest of the city of Uremia. This road has been started from the beginning of the Band road and has been extended from the promenade and tourist area of Band of Uremia. The purpose of this study is to determine the high risk areas using software (Arc GIS 10) and the Anbalagan zoning method from the point of view of hillside instability in the above axis and villages in the region. for this purpose, 14 layers (fault, height, stream, slope, slope direction, detrial rocks (OMS), alluvial deposits, vegetation, hazard points, village, city, dam, road and rural roads) were prepared. And by weighting to risk factors and using the rock fall hazards zoning map of the study area we divided the results into five groups: According to the desired map, from the total of 7441.07 hectares from the study area, 1509.73 hectares are in a very high risk area, 2330.47 hectares are in a high risk area, 1980.14 hectares are in the medium risk range, 1150.66 hectares are in a low risk area and 470.07 hectares are in a very low range. All villages (Band, Janesloo, Nowshan Alia and Sefli) have been located in high-to-middle risk areas. The highest concentration of high-risk areas is in the west, south-west. Most rural roads are located in low-to-middle risk areas and only 2 kilometers from the main road of 14 kilometers are located in a low-risk and safe range. By adapting the map of the incident points with the zoning map, we conclude that most rock falls and debris are located in a medium to very high risk zone. Chai city dam has been located in a medium-risk range, but the hillsides around the dam are high-risk areas that rock falls in them threatens the Chai city dam.
 

Keywords

Rock fall; zoning; Anbalagan method; Band of Uremia

References

ارومیه ای، علی؛ امین زاده، محمد؛ 1377. ارزیابی خطر زمین لغزش در حوزۀ آبخیز هلیل رود. مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش ملی رانش زمین و راه های مقابله با خطرات آن. صفحات 345-349.

آقانباتی، علی؛ 1383. زمین شناسی ایران. انتشارات سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور. 586 صفحه.

چپی، کامران؛ شیرزادی، عطا الله؛ سلیمانی، کریم؛ حبیب نژاد، محمود؛ 1389. مقایسۀ مدل‌های رگرسیون لجستیک و نسبت فراوانی در پهنه بندی خطر ریزش سنگ. نشریۀ مرتع و آبخیز داری. مجلۀ منابع طبیعی ایران. دوره 63. شماره 4. صفحات 489-502.

حاجی حسینلو، حسن؛ نصیری، مهسا؛ 1394. تحلیل ساختاری از سیستم شکستگی‌های بند ارومیه. فصلنامۀ زمین ساخت. سال اول. شمارۀ 4.

رجایی، علی؛ 1373. ژئومورفولوژی کاربردی در برنامه ریزی و عمران ناحیه ای. چاپ اول. نشر قومس. 328 صفحه.

شیرزادی، عطااله؛ موسوی، زهره؛ کاویان، عطااله؛ 1389. ساخت مدل منطقه ای خطر ریزش سنگ در طول جاده های کوهستانی با استفاده از شاخص هم پوشانی و GIS (مطالعه موردی: کردستان، گردنه صلوات آباد). پژوهش‌های آبخیز داری. شماره 89. صفحات 82 ـ 91.

علایی طالقانی، محمود؛ جلیلان، ستار و رضاپور، علی؛ 1394. بررسی ژئومورفولوژیکی خطر ریزش سنگ در مسیر جاده کرمانشاه ایلام، از شهر حمیل تا روستای شباب. جغرافیا و پایداری محیط. شماره 14. صفحات 17 ـ 28.

غفاری گیلانده، عطا؛ مددی، عقیل؛ پیروزی، الناز؛ 1394. ارزیابی و پهنه بندی خطر زمین لغزش با استفاده از مدل ویکور (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز آق لاقان چای). پژوهش‌های ژئومورفولوژی کمی. سال سوم. شماره 4. صفحات 124-141.

معماریان، حسین؛ 1377. زمین شناسی مهندسی و ژئوتکنیک. چاپ دوم. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.

موسوی، زهره؛ شیرزادی، عطاالله؛ شیرزادی، بهنام؛ 1389. بررسی حساسیت خطر عوامل مؤثر بر ریزش سنگ در طول جاده های کوهستانی با استفاده از تحلیل آماری نسبت فراوانی. مجموعه مقالات پنجمین همایش ملی علوم و مهندسی آبخیز داری ایران (مدیریت بلایای طبیعی).

مهدوی فر، محمد رضا؛ منتظرالقائم، سعید؛ 1382. مطالعات پیشاهنگ پهنه‌بندی خطر زمین لغزش در جنوب البرز مرکزی. پژوهشگاه بین المللی زلزله شناسی و مهندسی زلزله. گزارش طرح تحقیقاتی برای کمیته فرعی- تخصصی مقابله با خطرات ناشی از زلزله و لغزش لایه‌های زمین.

A bolmasod, B. & Stojkov, K., 1994. The influence of the landslide on urban planning in Belgrade city, Proc. Of 7th. International Congress, International Association of Engineering Geology, Lisbon, Portugal, 3: 2161-2168

Anbalagan, R., 1992. Landslide hazard evaluation and zonation mapping in mountainous terrain. Engineering Geology, 32: 269-278.

Gerber, W., Volkwein, A., Schellenberg, K., Labiouse, V., Agliardi, F., Berger, F., Bourrier, F., Dorren, L. K. A., Jaboyedoff, M., 2011. Rockfall characterisation and structural protection a review, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, N 11, pp 2617–2651.

Hantz, D., Vengeon, J.M., Dussauge-Peisser, C., 2003. An historical, geomechanical and probabilistic approach to rock-fall hazard assessment. Natural Hazards and Earth SystemSciences 3, 693–701.

Selby, M., J., 1985. Earth’s changing surfaces, An introduction geomorphology. Clarendon press. Transportation Research Board (TRB)., 1996. Landslides, Investigation and Mitigation. National Research Council, Special Report 247, Washington, D.C., 673 pages.

Tunusluoglu, M. C., Zorlu, K., 2009. Rockfall Hazard Assessment in a Cultural and Natural Heritage (Ortahisar Castle, Cappadocia, Turkey), Environmental Geology, Vol. 56, No. 5, PP. 963-972.

Turrini, M. C., Semenza, P. & Abu Zeid, N., 1994. Landslide Hazard Zonation of the Alpago Area (Belluno, Northern Italy)", 7th. International Congress, International Association of Engineering Geology, Lisbon, Portugal, Vol.3, pp. 2181-2189.