Assessing Vulnerability Level of Farmers against Drought resulted from Water Crisis in the Zayandeh Rud River (Case Study: Rural Areas, South Garkan, Mobarakeh County)

جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی

Article 9, Volume 9, Issue 3 - Serial Number 35, December 2020, Pages 159-181   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/geo.v9i3.87857

Authors

Jamshid Einalia^{* 1}; Mohammad Reza Shafiee²

¹Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

²PhD Candidate, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the vulnerability of farmers in the southern Garkan district township facing drought conditions caused by the water crisis of Zayandehrood River. The study tried to answer two questions: 1. how vulnerable are farmers to drought caused by the Zayandehrood water crisis in economic, social and environmental dimensions in the studied villages? 2. What is the level of farmers' awareness of solutions to drought? The statistical population of the study is the farmers of the villages of the Southern Gerkan district, which in 2016 amounted to 2027 person, of which 178 cases were selected as a sample using the Cochran's formula. The validity of the research instrument was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the items with Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.85. The required data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by statistical tests (Spearman correlation, Chi-square, one-sample t-test and Friedman) and hierarchical analysis technique. The results showed that increasing production costs, increasing psychological stress and falling groundwater levels were respectively as the most important economic, social and environmental damages due to the Zayandehrood water crisis in the region. According to the results of one-sample T-test and Friedman test, socio-psychological injuries have caused the most damage to farmers. A survey of farmers' awareness of drought management methods showed that knowledge of "ways to reduce water loss" is stronger than all other indicators. The results of hierarchical analysis from the perspective of experts showed that the most effective strategy to deal with drought in the region is "irrigation technical solutions".

Keywords

Vulnerability; Drought; Strategy; Environmental; Crisis

References

پیرمرادیان، نادر؛ شمس نیا، سیدامیر؛ بوستانی، فردین؛ 1387. ارزیابی دوره بازگشت خشکسالی با استفاده از شاخص استاندارد شده بارش (SPI) در استان فارس. مجله دانش نوین کشاورزی. 4(13): 21-7.

 حسنی­نژاد، آسیه؛ تقدیسی، احمد؛ نوری، هدایت­اله؛ اکبریان رونیزی، سعیدرضا؛ 1397. نقش مدیریت ریسک خشکسالی در کاهش آسیب‌پذیری کشاورزان (موردمطالعه: شهرستان زرین دشت). فصلنامه پژوهش­های روستایی. 9 (2): 277- 264.

شرفی، لیدا؛ زرافشانی، کیومرث؛ 1389. سنجش آسیب‌پذیری اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشاورزان در برابر خشکسالی، مطالعه موردی: گندمکاران شهرستان‌های کرمانشاه، صحنه و روانسر. پژوهش‌های روستایی. 1(4): 154-129.

صادقلو، طاهره؛ سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله؛ 1393. اولویت‌بندی عوامل مؤثر برافزایش تاب آوری کشاورزان در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی (با تاکید بر خشکسالی) منطقه موردمطالعه: کشاورزان روستاهای ایجرود. فصلنامه جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی. 3(10): 154-129.

محبوبی، محمدرضا؛ شامکوئیان، شهره؛ عبدالله زاده، غلامحسین؛ 1397. سنجش آسیب‌پذیری و آمادگی کشاورزان برای مواجهه با شرایط خشکسالی، موردمطالعه: شهرستان کاشمر. فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی. 18(62): 190-171.

 

Alipour, H., Chaharsoughi Amin, H., Gharib, A., 2013. Investigating effects of drought on farmers’ socioeconomic status, Case study: Wheat farmer in Nehbandan County, Watershed Researches, 26(99): 113-125. [ In Persian].

Askarizade, M., Behniafar, A., Zabolabbasi, F., Malboosi, SH., 2010. Drought severity zoning using percentages of normal (PN) and deciles (DC) in Khorasan Razavi province, Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 3(7): 27-44. [In Persian].

Campbell, D., Barker, D. and McGregor, D., 2011. Dealing with drought: Small farmers and environmental hazards in southern St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Applied Geography, 31(1), pp.146-158.

Chakoshi, B., 2009, Investigating the environmental aspects of drought and flood phenomena, National Conference on Measures to Address Water Crisis, Jahad-e- Daneshgahi, Kerman, 9-10 March 2009. [In Persian].

Downing, T.E. and Bakker, K., 1998. Drought discourse and Vulnerability. Environmental change unit, University of Oxford.

Dyke, G., Gill, S., Davies, R., Betorz, F., Andalsvik, Y., Cackler, J., Dos Santos, W., Dunlop, K., Ferreira, I., Kebe, F. and Lamboglia, E., 2011. Dream project: Applications of earth observations to disaster risk management. Acta Astronautica, 68(1-2), pp.301-315.

Fatemi, M., Alizade, A., 2010. A case study of the causes and drought effects. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Sciences, 6 (1): 77-96. [In Persian].

Ghanbarzade, H., Behniafar, A., 2009. Economic consequences of drought in the periods of 2006-2007 on rural areas of Shandiz District, Mashhad County. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 4(9): 139-163. [In Persian].

Ghayour, H.A., Masoudian, A., 1997. The magnitude, extent and frequency of drought in Iran", Quarterly Journal of Geographic Research, 46: 25-39. [In Persian].

Gupta, K.S. and Gupta, M., 2003. The Woes of Women in Drought Social Environmental and Economic Impacts. WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENTS INTERNATIONAL, pp.12-13.

Habiba, U., Shaw, R. and Takeuchi, Y., 2012. Farmer's perception and adaptation practices to cope with drought: Perspectives from Northwestern Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 1, pp.72-84.

Hoseini, M., Sharifzade, A., Gholamrezaie, S., Akbari, M., 2011. Explaining the components of drought management in rural and nomadic areas of the South East of Iran. Iranian Journal of Economic and Agricultural Development Reaserch, 2(42): 185-197. [ In Persian].

Kaboli, N., Pezeshkirad, Q. R., Shabanalifami, H., 2012. Factor analysis of experts' attitudes toward confronting agricultural drought solutions in Alborz Province, Agricultural Extension and Education Reaserchs, 5(2): 33-44. [In Persian].

Kardavani, P., 2001, Coping with drought in Iran. Tehran University publication, Tehran. [In Persian].

Kaviani, MR., Alijani, B., 2003. Meteorological principles. Smat Publication, Tehran. [In Persian].

Keshavarz, M., karami, A., 2003. Structures influencing drought management and impacts: A structural equation modeling approach, Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 12: 267-283. [In Persian].

Khazanedari, L., Zabolabbasi, F., Ghandehari, Sh., Koohi, M., Malboosi, SH., 2009. A Perspective on the drought status of iran over the next thirty years", Geography Regional Development, 12: 83-98. [In Persian].

Khoshakhlagh, F., Ranjbar, F., Toolabi, S., Moghbel, M., Masumpour Samakoosh, J., 2010. Drought in the water Year of 2007-8 and its impacts on water and agriculture resources, Case study: Marvdasht County, Geography Quarterly (Iranian Geograpical Association), 12(2): 120-136. [In Persian].

Kim, D.H., Yoo, C. and Kim, T.W., 2011. Application of spatial EOF and multivariate time series model for evaluating agricultural drought vulnerability in Korea. advances in water resources, 34(3), pp.340-350.

Management of Agricultural Jihad of Kashmar County., 2015. " Drought damage to the agricultural sector" ,     [ on line]:koaj . ir/ kashmar/modules/ showframework.aspx.[In Persian].

Manouchehri, A., 2001. Drought and shallow water crisis, challenges, policies and plans to encounter, Water and Environment, 45: 15-21. [In Persian].

Mohammadi Yeganeh, B, Hakimdost, Y. 2010. The economic effects of drought and its impact on rural sustainability, Conference on the water crisis and drought, Islamic Azad University of Rasht, 20-21 May 2009. [In Persian].

Mohammadi Yeganeh, B., Rezaie, H., Cheraghi, M., 2012. Analysis of drought effects on the economics of rural areas in Abarkouh County during the period of 1997-2007, Journal of Regional planning, 2(6): 27-38. [In Persian].

Musavi Bayegi, M., Ashraf, B., 2011. Study of synoptic patterns Leading to autumn and winter droughts in Khorasan Razavi Province, Water and Soil Conservation Studies, 18(4): 167- 184. [In Persian].

Nassaji Zavare, M., 2001. Study of the economic, environmental and social impacts of drought, The First National Conference of Water Crisis, University of Zabol, Zabol, 22 -25 January 2001. [In Persian].

Nouri, J., Mansouri, N., Abaspour, M., Karbassi, A., & Omidvari, M., 2011. Designing a Developed Model for Assessing the Disaster induced Vulnerability Value in Educational Centers, Safety Science, 19(49): 679-685

Pandey, S. and Bhandari, H., 2009. Drought, coping mechanisms and poverty: Insights from rainfed rice farming. Occasional Paper, International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome, Italy.

Pittman, J., Wittrock, V., Kulshreshtha, S. and Wheaton, E., 2011. Vulnerability to climate change in rural Saskatchewan: Case study of the Rural Municipality of Rudy No. 284. Journal of Rural Studies, 27(1), pp.83-94.

Pourtaheri, M., Rokonoddin Eftekhari, A.R., Kazemi, N., 2013. The role of drought risk management    approach in reducing socio-economic vulnerability of rural farmers from the point of view of officials and experts, Case study: Sulduz rural district, Western Azarbayejan, Journal of Rural Research, 4(1): 1-22. [In Persian].

Rezaie, R., Hoseini, M., Sharifi, A., 2010. Analysis and explanation of the effect of drought on the rural regions of Zanjan county, Case study: Hajarash Village, Journal of Rural Research, 1(3): 103-109. [In Persian].

Salemi, J., 2008. The effect of drought on the tribal life of the Taheri in the province of Tabas"Village and Development, 11: 89-124. [In Persian].

Sharafi, L. W., Zarafshani, K., 2011. Vulnerability assessment, the point of starting of risk management in drought, Journal of Regional Planning, 1:43-56. [In Persian].

Tatli, H. and Türkeş, M., 2011. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of the Palmer drought indices. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(7), pp.981-991.

Udmale, P., Ichikawa, Y., Manandhar, S., Ishidaira, H. and Kiem, A.S., 2014. Farmers׳ perception of drought impacts, local adaptation and administrative mitigation measures in Maharashtra State, India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10, pp.250-269.

Valiei, M., Sohrabi, A. H. 2009. Environmental, Economical-social and political effects of drought, The Regional Conference on Water and Drought, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, 20-21^th May 2009. [In Persian].

Walker, M., Thers, A., 1996. Drought as a natural hazard, Drought: a Global Assessment, 1:3-18.

Wilhelmi, O.V. and Wilhite, D.A., 2002. Assessing vulnerability to agricultural drought: a Nebraska case study. Natural Hazards, 25(1), pp.37-58.

Wilhite, D.A., Svoboda, M.D. and Hayes, M.J., 2007. Understanding the complex impacts of drought: A key to enhancing drought mitigation and preparedness. Water resources management, 21(5), pp.763-774.

Zamani, GH., Zarafshan, K., Moradi, Kh., 2009. An investigating on psychological coping strategies of farmers in Fars Province during drought, Rescue and Relief, 1:14-23. [In Persian].