ترکیب شیمیایی، تجزیه‌پذیری و تولید گاز گیاهان شورزیست سلمکی سفید (Atriplex canesences)، علف شور (Salsola rigida) و چمن شور (Aeluropus littoralis)

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

مقاله 1، دوره 7، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 21، فروردین 1394، صفحه 1-11   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی - تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijasr.v7i1.48325

نویسندگان

علی رزاقی^{* 1}؛ رضا ولی زاده¹؛ محمد ترحمی²

¹گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

²مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان سمنان

چکیده

ارزش غذایی گیاهان شورزیست آتریپلکس (گونه کانیسنس)، سالسولا (گونه ریجیدا) و آلوروپوس (گونه لیتولاریس) با تعیین ترکیب شیمیایی، تولید گاز به صورت آزمایشگاهی و تجزیه پذیری شکمبه ای با استفاده از سه رأس گاو نر فیستولا دار ارزیابی شد. نمونه های آزمایشی در مرحله دانه بندی از ایستگاه تحقیقات بیابان واقع در استان سمنان جمع آوری و ترکیب شیمیایی آن‌ها شامل پروتئین خام، چربی خام، خاکستر، دیواره سلولی و دیواره سلولی بدون همی سلولز، کلسیم، فسفر، سدیم، پتاسیم، منیزیم، کلر و گوگرد اندازه‌گیری شد. تمامی این گیاهان شورزیست حاوی غلظت های بالای سدیم، پتاسیم و کلر بودند ولی میزان کلسیم، فسفر و منیزیم پایینی داشتند. گیاهان مورد نظر پروتئین خام و خاکستر بالایی داشتند. نمونه ها در سیستم کشت بسته و آزمون تولید گاز آزمایش شدند. فراسنجه های تولید تجمعی گاز (A) و فاز تأخیر (L) در گیاه آلوروپوس بیش‌ترین مقدار بود. هم‌چنین، قابلیت هضم ماده آلی، انرژی متابولیسمی و اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر گیاه آلوروپوس بیش‌تر از آتریپلکس و سالسولا بود. بخش های سریع تجزیه ماده خشک و پروتیئن خام سالسولا (42/28 و 68/55 درصد) از آتریپلکس (24/23 و 74/48 درصد) و آلوروپوس (50/21 و 28/51 درصد) بیش‌تر بود. پتانسیل تجزیه پذیری ماده خشک و دیواره سلولی آلوروپوس بالاتر از آتریپلکس و سالسولا به‌دست آمد. سالسولا کم‌ترین تجزیه‌پذیری مؤثر دیواره سلولی را در نرخ های جریان مختلف داشت. نتایج این آزمایش نشان می دهد که این گیاهان شورزیست می توانند به‌عنوان منابع خوراکی برای نشخوارکنندگان در مناطق بیابانی ایران مورد توجه و استفاده قرار گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

گیاهان شورزیست؛ ترکیب شیمیایی؛ تولید گاز؛ تجزیه پذیری

مراجع

1- Abbeddou, S., S. Rihawi, H. D. Hess, L. Iniguez, A. C. Mayar, and M. Kreuzer. 2011. Nutritional composition of lentil straw, vetch hay, olive leaves, and saltbush leaves and their digestibility as measured in fat-tailed sheep.Small Rumin Res. 96:126-135.

2- Abu-Zanat, M. M. W. 2005. Voluntary intake and digestibility of saltbush by sheep. Asia-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol 18. NO.2: 214-1220.

3- Abu-Zanat, M. M. W., and M. J. Tabbaa. 2006. Effect of feeding Atriplex browse to lactating ewes on milk yield and growth rate of their lambs. Small Rumin Res. 64:152–161.

4- Al-Shorepy, S.A., G. A. Alhadrami, and A. I. El-Awad. 2010. Development of sheep and goat production system based on the use of salt-tolerant plants and marginal resources in the United Arab Emirates. Small Rumin Res. 91:39-46.

5- AOAC. 1997. Official Methods of Analysis. Association on Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

6- Bashtini, J., and H. Tavakoli. 2002. Determination of nutritive value of five dominant species of halophyte plants in salt desert lands of Khorasan province. Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 55:2-5. (In Persian with English abstract).

7- Benjamin, R.W., Y. Lavie, M. Forti, D. Barkai, R. Yonatan, and Y. Hefetz. 1995. Annual regrowth and edible biomass of two species of Atriplex and of Cassia sturtii after browsing. J. Arid Environ. 29:63–84.

8- Benjamin. R.W., W. E. Oren, E. Katz, and K. Becker. 1992. The apparent digestibility of Atriplex barclayana and its effect on nitrogen balance in sheep. Anim. Prod. 54:259-264.

9- Ben Salem, H., H. Abdouli, A. Nefzaoui, A. El-Mastouri, and L. Ben Salem. 2008. Nutritive value, behaviour, and growth of Barbarine lambs onoldman saltbush (Atriplex nummularia L.) and supplemented or notwith barley grains or spineless cactus (Opuntiaficus-indica f. inermis)pads. Small Rumin. Res. 59:229–237.

10- Ben Salem, H., A. Nefzaoui, and L. Ben Salem. 2004. Spineless cactus and oldman saltbush as alternative supplements for growing Barbarine lambs given straw-based diets. Small Rumin Res. 51:65-73.

11- Ben Salem, H ., H. C. Norman,A. Nefzaoui, D. E. Mayberry, K. L. Pearce, and D. K. Revell. 2010. Potential use of oldman saltbush (AtriplexnimmulariaLindl.) in sheep and goat feeding. Small Rumin Res. 91:13-28.

12- Ben Salem, H., and T. Smith. 2008. Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments. Small Rumin Res. 77:174-194.

13- Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, and Kamel. 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy. Sci. 89:761-771.

14- Durmic, Z., P. Hutton, D.K. Revell, J. Emms, S. Hughes, and P.E. Vercoe. 2010. In vitro fermentative traits of Australian woody perennial plant species that may be considered as potential sources of feed for grazing ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 160:98-109.

15- El Shaer, H.M. 1981. A comparative nutrition study on sheep and goats grazing Southern Sinai desert range with supplements. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture. Ain Shams University, Egypt.

16- El Shaer, H.M. 1999. Potentially of animal production in the Egyptian desert region. In: Proceeding of the conference on animal production in the 21st century challenges and prospects, 18-20 April, Egypt, Pp. 93.

17- El Shaer, H.M. 2010. Halophytes and salt-tolerant plants as potential forage for ruminants in near east region. Small Rumin Res. 91:3-12.

18- France, J., J. Dijkstra, M. S. Dhanoa, S. Lopez, and A. Bannink. 2000. Estimating the extent of degradation of ruminant feeds from a description of their gas production profiles observed in vitro: derivation of models and other mathematical considerations. Br. J. Nutr. 83:143-150.

19- Getachew, G., M. Blummel, H. P. S. Makkar, and K. Becker. 1998. In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 72:261-281.

20- Givens, D. I., E. Owen, R. F. E. Axford, and H. M. Omed. 2000. Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition. CABI Press.

21- Harris, E. L. 1970. Nutrition research techniques for domestic and wild animals. Vol 1. Utah State University.

22- Hoffman, P. C., S. J. Seivert, R. D. Shaver, D. A. Welch, and D. K. Combs. 1993. In situ dry matter, protein and fiber degradation of perennial forage. J. Dairy. Sci. 76:2632-2643.

23- Hosseini-Nezhad, Z., M. Yousef Elahi., and H. Fazaeli. 2012. Determination of nutritive value of five halophyte plants in Sistan zone. Iran J. Anim. Sci. 43(1):1-10. (In Persian with English abstract).

24- Kaitho, R. J., I. V. Nsahlai, B. A. Williams, N. N. Ummunna, S. Tamminga, and Van Bruchem. 1998. Relationships between preference, rumen degradability, gas production and chemical composition of browsers. Agrofor. Syst. 39:129-144.

25- Kashki, V. 2011. Determination of nutritive value of several Atriples spp. by in vivo and in situ methods. Unpublished Report. Research Center of Natural Resources and Agriculture of Khorasan-e-Razavi, Mashhad. (In Persian).

26- Kumara Mahipala, M.B.P., G. L. Krebs, P. McCafferty, and L. H. P. Gunaratne. 2009. Chemical composition, biological effects of tannin and in vitro nutritive value of selected browse species grown in the West Australian Mediterranean environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 153:203-215.

27- Larbi, A., J. W. Smith, I. O. Kurdi, I. O. Adeknle,A. M. Rajj, and D. O. Ladipo.1998. Chemical composition, rumen degradation and gas production characteristics of some multipurpose fodder trees and shrubs during wet and dry seasons in the humid tropics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 72:81- 96.

28- Laudadio, V., V. Tufarelli, M. Dario, M. Hammadi, M. M. Seddik, G. M. Lacalandra, and C. Dario. 2009. A survey of chemical and nutritional characteristicsof halophytes plants used by camels in Southern Tunisia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41:209-215.

29- Le Houerou, H. N. 1990. Eco-climate and bio-geographic comparison between the rangelands of the iso-climate Mediterranean arid zones of northern Africa and near East. In: S.A.S. Omar, M.A. Razzaque and F. Alsdirawi (eds): Range management in Arid Zones, pp.25-40. Kegan Paul international, London.

30- Le Houerou, H. N. 1992. The role of saltbushes (Atriplex spp.) in arid land rehabilitation in the Mediterranean basin: a review. Agrofor. Syst. 18:107–148.

31- Jahani-Azizabadi, H., M. Danesh-Mesgaran, A. R. Vakili, K. Rezayazdi, and M. Hashemi. 2011. Effect of various medicinal plant essential oils obtained from semi-arid climate on rumen fermentation characteristics of a high forage diet using in vitro batch culture. African J. Microb Res. 5(27): 4812-4819.

32- Masters, D.G., S. E. Bennes, and H. C. Norman. 2007. Biosaline agriculture for forage and livestock production. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment.119:234–248.

33- Masters. D.G., H. C. Norman, and R. A. Dynes. 2001. Opportunities and limitations for animal production from saline land. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 14:199-211.

34- Mayberry, D., D. Masters, and P. Verco. 2010. Mineral metabolism of sheep fed saltbush or a formulated high-salt diet. Small Rumin Res. 91:81-86.

35- McDougall, E. I. 1948. Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep’s saliva. Biochem. J. 43:99–109.

36- Menke, K. H., L. Rabb, A. Saleweski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz, and W. Schinder. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. 93:217-222.

37- Menke, K. H., and H. Staingass. 1988. Estimation of energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Develop. 28:7-55.

38- Norton, B. W. 2003. The nutritive value of tree legumes. Pages 1-10 in Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. R.C. Gutteridge, and H.M. Shelton, ed. Available in website: http://www.fao.org/ag/agP /agpc/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0j.htm.

39- Norman, H.C., C. Friend, D. G. Masters, A. J. Rintoul, R. A. Dynes, and I. H. Williams. 2004. Variation within and between two saltbush species in plant composition and subsequent selection by sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 55:999–1007.

40- Norman, H.C., D. K. Revel, D. E. Mayberry, A. J. Rintoul,M. G. Wilmot, and D. G. Masters. 2010. Comparison of in vivo organic matter digestion of native Australian shrubs by sheep to in vitro and in sacco predictions. Small Rumin Res. 91:69-80.

41- Ørskov, E. R., F. D. DebHovell, and F. L. Mould. 1980. The use of the nylon bag technique for evaluation of feedstuffs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 5:195-213.

42- Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and A. Koocheki. 2004. History of research on salt-affected lands of Iran. Pages 83-95 in Prospects of Saline Agriculture in the Arabian Peninsula. F. K. Taba, S. Ismail, and A. Jaradat, ed. Amherst Scientific Publishers Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.

43- Riasi, A., M. Danesh-Mesgaran, M. D. Stern and M. J. Ruiz Moreno. 2008. Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochiascoparia, Atriplexdimorphostegia. Suaedaarcuata and Gamanthusgamacarpus. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 141:209-219.

44- SAS Institute Inc. 2001. SAS/STAT User's Guide: Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.

45- Theodorou, M. K, B. A. Williams, M. S. Dhanoa, A. B. McAllan, and J. France. 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48:185-197.

46- Towhidi, A., T. Saberifar., and E. Dirandeh. 2011. Nutritive value of some herbage for dromedary camels in the central arid zone of Iran. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 43:617-622.

47- Valizadeh, R., M. Ghadami Kohestani., and F. Mellati. 2011. Determination of chemical composition and nutritive value of Eurotia ceratoides by in situ and gas production methods. Iran J. Anim. Sci. Res. 3(2): 159-165. (In Persian with English abstract).

48- Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy. Sci. 74:3583-3597.

49- Vanzant, E. S., R. C. Cochran, and E. C. Titgemeyer. 1998. Standardization of in situ techniques for ruminant feedstuff evaluation. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2717-2729.