Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition of Sahandian Savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) Essential Oils at Different Phenological Stages

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 1, Volume 8, Issue 1 - Serial Number 27, March 2016, Pages 1-16   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v8i1.45273

Authors

Heyraan Ghamari¹; Mehdi Saidi^{* 1}; Azim Ghasemnajad²; Alireza Ghanbari³

¹Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

²Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

³Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Sahandian Savory (Satureja sahandica Bornm.) is an indigenous perennial aromatic plant growing in the West and North West of Iran. Its growing season starts from March till end of September. Oil and its quality are abundantly variable among different Savory species (Ahmadi et al., 2009). Although, Thymol, p-Cymene and γ-Terpinen have been determined as the main components of Sahandian Savory oil by Sefidkon et al. (2004), little data on its Phytochemistry and phenology genealogy? is available. The present study investigated the phytochemical properties of essential oils of (S. sahendica Bornm.) at different harvest times from Pakal habitat and a specimen grown in greenhouse.
Materials and methods
The aerial parts of plants were collected on one month intervals from 20th April till 20th September. A specimen cloned from the wild plants and grown in research greenhouse, college of Agriculture, Ilam, was harvested at full blooming stage in September. Essential oils were extracted using Clevenger apparatus by hydro-distillation. Isolation and identification of oil components were carried out by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) at Medicinal Plants and Drug Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran. Antioxidant activity and total phenol content were measured following Singleton et al. (1999) methods, respectively.
Results and discussion
The ANOVA showed that harvest time significantly affected oil yield of samples at one percent of probability. Mean comparison analysis revealed that the maximum and minimum oil yield were belonged to May (0.42%) and September (0.19%) harvests, respectively. The essential oil percentage of plants grown in greenhouse were extremely low and negligible samples collected from their natural habitat. Analysis of variances for antioxidant activity and total phenol content showed that the traits were also significantly affected by harvest time. The highest and lowest antioxidant activity recorded for harvests in September (61.06%) and August (49.53%), respectively. On the other hand, maximum and minimum total phenol content recorded from samples harvested in September (432.71 mg Gallic acid/ ml essential oil) and June (191.28 mg Gallic acid/ml essential oil), respectively. Phytochemical analysis by coupling gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) identified 75 different components. ANOVA of oil compositions exhibited a highly significant difference between different harvest times. Borneol was the main component of oil at all harvests. In early stages (April and May), Borneol (29.34 and 34.58 percent), Bornyl acetate (12.96 and 9.42 percent), Linalool (7.64 and 9.35 percent) and α-Terpineol (7.09 and 8.26 percent) were the main components. By the end of spring (Mid June) Borneol and Camphor content was increased slowly so that Borneol reached to its peak (44.71 percent) in end of June, but the other main components were declined by the last harvest. On full flowering stage (mid-August and early-September) an increase was recorded for Bornyl acetate, the highest content of Camphor observed; Carvacrol was identified as the main oil component (4.92 percent) and Borneol content decreased. Phytochemical composition of oils extracted from greenhouse sample at flowering stage was significantly different from those obtained from wild plants at the same growing stage. Plants grown in the greenhouse were rich in Borneol, Bornyl acetate, Carvacrol, Camphor and Camphene (39.02, 9.54, 7.88, 7.56 and 5.93 percent, respectively), while oils extracted from wild plants, mostly formed by Borneol, Camphor, 4-Terpineol, Bornyl acetate and Carvacrol (29.30, 15.26, 11.82, 9.25 and 4.92 percent, respectively). The results showed that growing Sahandian savory in the greenhouse which is free from climatic stresses may be led to beneficial changes in its essential oil composition.
Conclusion
The study revealed that the highest essential oil can be achieved in May, the best quality essential oil regarding antioxidant activity and total phenol content should be obtained at the full blooming stage and to get the highest amount of Borneol, harvest must be done in July under Ilam province conditions.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the project by Dean, College of Agriculture; and Vice President for Research and Technology, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.

Keywords

Antioxidant activity; Borneol; Medicinal plants; Total phenol content

References

1- Ahmadi, L., and Mirza, M. 1999. A study of chemical composition of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L. during different growth stages. Journal of Sciences and Technology Agriculture and Natural Research 3(2): 93-99.

2- Ahmadi, S., Sefidkon, F., Babakhanlo, P., Asgari, F., Khademi, K., and Karimifar, M.A. 2009. Comparing essential oil composition of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. before and full flowering stages in field and provenance. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 25(2): 159-169. (In Persian with English Summary)

3- Akbarinia, A., and Sefidkon, F. 2009. Identification of essential oil components of Satureja sahendica Bornm., In cultivated condition in Qazvin. Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences 13(2): 60-63. (In Persian with English Summary)

4- Akbarinia, A., Sefidkon, F., and Razaz Hashemi, S.R. 2009. Essential oil components of cultivated and wild accessions of Satureja sahendica Bornm. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 25(3): 376-385. (In Persian with English Summary)

5- Alizadeh, A., Khoshkhui, M., Javidnia, K., Firuzi, O., Tafazoli, E., and Khalighi, A. 2010. Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Medicinal Plants Research 4(1): 033-040. (In Persian with English Summary)

6- Amiri, H. 2012. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Salvia multicaulis Vahl., Journal of Medicinal Plants 11(8): 111-117. (In Persian with English Summary)

7- Ayan, A.K., Yanar, P., Cirak, C., and Bilgener, M. 2007. Morphogenetic and diurnal variation of total phenols in some Hypericum species from Turkey during their phenological cycles. Bangladesh Journal of Botanically 36: 39-46.

8- Bhatia, S.P., Letizia, C.S., and Api, A.M. 2008. Fragrance material review on borneol. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 77- 80.

9- British Pharmacopoeia. 1988. British pharmacopoeia, 20, London, HMSO, 137-138.

10- David, R., and Zbigniew, A. 2010. Aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) inflorescences suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 2647 murine macrophages. Medicinal Plants Research 4(3): 225-234.

11- Ebrahimi, S.N., Hadian, J., Mirjalili, M.H., Sonboli, A., and Yousefzadi, M. 2008. Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Thymus caramanicus at different phenological stages. Food Chemistry 110: 927-931.

12- El-Gazzar, A., and Watson, A. 1970. Taxonomic study of Labiatae and related genera. New Phytologist 69: 451-486.

13- Hadipanah, A., Golparvar, A.R., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., and Zaynali, H. 2011. Determine optimum of harvest time on the quantity/quality of essential oil and thymol of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) in Isfahan. Journal of Herbal Drugs 2(1): 23-32. (In Persian with English Summary)

14- Horvathova, E., Slamenova, D., Marsalkova, L., Sramkova, M., and Wsolova, L. 2009. Effects of borneol on the level of DNA damage induced in primary rat hepatocytes and testicular cells by hydrogen peroxide. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47: 1318-1323.

15- Hosni, K., Msaada, K., Taarit, M.B., and Marzouk, B. 2011. Phenological variation of secondary metabolites from Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra., Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 39: 43-50.

16- Jordan, M.J., Martinez, R.M., Goodner, K.L., Baldwin, E.A., and Sotomayor, A. 2006. Seasonal variation of Thymus hyemalis Lange and Spanish Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils compositions. Industrial Crops and Products 24: 253-263.

17- Kulkarni, A.P., and Aradhya, S.M. 2005. Chemical changes and antioxidant activity in pomegranate arils during fruit development. Food Chemistry 93: 319-324.

18- Liu, R., Zhang, L., Lan, X., Li, L., Zhang, T.T., Sun, J.H., and Du, G.H. 2011. Protection by borneol on cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion: involvement of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation through nuclear transcription factor kappab signaling pathway. Neuroscience 176: 408-419.

19- Madgd, A., Nedzaad-Sataari, T., Khavari Nedzaad, R., and Doosti, B. 2008. Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative changes in essential oil components of the medicinal plant (Satureja khuzistanica J.) during plant genesis and its oil in vitro antimicrobial properties. Journal of Sciences Islamic Azad University 18(70/1): 51-60. (In Persian with English Summary)

20- Miguel, M.G., Duarte, F., Venancio, F., and Tavares, R. 2002. Changes of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Portuguese Thymus mastichina in the course of two vegetation cycles. Acta Horticulturae 576: 83-86.

21- Murakami, S., Li, W., Matsuura, M., Satou, T., Hayashi, S., and Koike, K. 2009. Composition and seasonal variation of essential oil in Alpinia zerumbet from Okinawa Island. Natural Medicinal 63: 204-208.

22- Omidbaigi, R. 2005. Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Astane Ghodse Razavi, Mashhad, Iran 347 pp. (In Persian)

23- Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Aminghafori, A. Bakhshaie, S., and Jafari L. 2013. The effect of organic and biofertilizers on some quantitative characteristics and essential oil content of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Agroecology 5(2): 105-112. (In Persian with English Summary)

24- Salehi, P., Sonboli, A., Ebrahimi, S.N., and Yousefzadi, M. 2007. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia sahendica in different phenological stages. Chemistry of Natural compounds 43: 328-330.

25- Samsam Shariat, H. 1992. Extraction of plant materials and quantitative evaluation. Mani, Isfahan, Iran 293 pp. (In Persian)

26- Sefidkon, F., Abbasi, K., Jamzad, Z., and Ahmadi, S. 2007. The effect of distillation methods and stage of plant growth on the essential oil content and composition of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad., Food Chemistry 100: 1054-1058.

27- Sefidkon, F., and Akbarinia, A. 2009. Essential oil content and composition of Satureja sahendica Bornm. In different stages of plant growth. Journal of Essential Oil Research 21(2): 112-114.

28- Sefidkon, F., Jamzad, Z., and Barazandeh, M.M. 2005. Essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. a potential source of carvacrol. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 20(4): 425-439. (In Persian with English Summary)

29- Sefidkon, F., Jamzad, Z., and Mirza, M. 2004. Chemical variation in the essential oil of Satureja sahendica from Iran. Food Chemistry 88: 325-328.

30- Sefidkon, F., Kalvandi, R., and Mirza, M. 2003. Chemical variation of the essential oil of Nepeta heliotropifolia in different stages of plant growth. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research 19(3): 225-267. (In Persian with English Summary)

31- Sellami, I.H., Maamouri, E., Chahed, T., Wannes, W.A., Kchouk, M.E., and Marzouk, B. 2009. Effect of growth stage on the content and composition of the essential oil and phenolic fraction of sweet majoram (Origanum majorana L.). Industrial Crops and Products 30: 395-402.

32- Senatore, F. 1996. Influence of harvesting time on yield and composition of the essential oil of a thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.) growing wild in Campania (Southern Italy). Food Chemistry 44: 1327-1332.

33- Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., and Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidant activity by meas of folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymology 299: 152-178.

34- Syvacy, A., and Sokmen, M. 2004. Seasonal changes in antioxidant activity, total phenolic and anthocyanin constituent of the stems of two Morus species (Morus alba L. and Morus nigra L.). Plant Growth Regulation 44: 251-256.

35- Tabatabaei-Raisi, A., Khaligi, A., Kashi, A., Asnaashari, S., Bamdad mogadam, S., and Delazar, A. 2007. Antioxidant activity and chemical compositions of essential oil of aerial parts of Satureja sahendica Bornm., Pharmaceutical Sciences 3: 1-6.