Castor (Ricinus communis L.) and Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) Growth Indices in Terms of Interference

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 2, Volume 8, Issue 2 - Serial Number 28, June 2016, Pages 182-196   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v8i2.34902

Authors

naser jafarzadeh^* ; Alireza Pirzad; Hashem Hadi

Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Urmia University, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Growth analysis has been widely used in breeding programs to identify the important plant developmental phases and components related to higher yield under a particular set of environmental conditions. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an important commercial crop. Castor oil based by products is used in manufacturing of several commercially important commodities like surfactants, coatings, greases, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polyesters, polymers, etc. Interference (Interactive effects among species on inter-species populations) is one of the main issues on the eco-physiology of plant populations where weeds impose negative effects by approaching the plant to compete in light, water and nutrient elements availability and results in reduced growth and yield (Shinggu et al., 2011). Growth indices are useful for interpreting plant reactions to the crop and weed density. Various reasons have been attributed for the low productivity among the most important is weed competition (Radosevich, 1987). The aim of the present experiment was evaluating the interference effects of redroot pigweed on growth indices of castor bean in northwest of Iran.
Materials and methods
This experiment was conducted in Urmia, Iran (Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan, Saatlo Station (37°44´18״ N Latitude and 45° 10´ 53״ E Longitude, at 1338 m above sea level)) in 2012. The soil of the experimental field was sandy - loam, with pH of 7.2. Competitive pattern of experiment was in two-factor based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications arranged in four castor plant densities (3, 4, 5 and 6 plants.m-2) and four redroot pigweed densities (0, 5, 10 and 15 plants.m-2). Redroot pigweed and castor seeds were simultaneously directly planted on the 22th May in 2012. Redroot pigweed plants were weeded at the times related to the treatments level. Irrigation and intercultural operations were performed whenever necessary. Plots were 3m×5m with 60 cm between rows. Seven times during plant growth stage castor plants were harvested from each plot considering marginal effects. The plants were transferred to the laboratory for evaluating of dry matter. Excel (Microsoft Office, 2007) was used for drawing of diagrams.
Results and discussion
The results showed that the highest dry matter (DM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of castor were observed in pure stands of castor. Among pure stands, the highest and the lowest DM and CGR were achieved in castor densities of 5 and 3 plants.m-2, respectively. The highest (4.06) and lowest (0.90) of castor LAI were observed in 6 plants.m-2 of castor density and 3 plants.m-2 of castor with 15 plants.m-2of pigweed at 1046 GDDs, respectively. The Maximum (0.317 g.m-2.g.d.d-1) and minimum (0.114 g.m-2. g.d.d-1) of crop growth rate for castor plants were achieved at the same GDDs in 5 plants.m-2 of castor, and 3 plants.m-2 of castor with 15 plants.m-2 of pigweed, respectively. These parameters were decreased by increasing pigweed densities. Therefore, it can be concluded that DM and CGR are decreased, due to increasing pigweed density; these parameters are slightly affected by castor density. Measurement results of pigweed characteristics indicated reduction in LAI, DM, Weed Rate Growth (WRG) and RGR of pigweed in presence of castor bean. Increasing in castor density caused a greater reduction in the mentioned characteristics whereas in the highest density of pigweed (15 plants.m-2), increasing in castor density caused 44, 40 and 134 % decrease in LAI, DM, WRG, respectively.

Conclusion
The results of this study showed that increasing plant density to 6 plant.m-2 increased LAI, DM, CGR and RGR. Therefore, it (6 plants.m-2 of Castor bean density) can be recommended for reducing redroot pigweed damage in Castor bean field.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the project byVice President for Research and Technology, Urmia University, and West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran.

Keywords

Crop growth rate (CGR); Density; Leaf area index (LAI); Relative growth rate (RGR); Weed

References

Chaniago, I., Taji, A., and Jessop, R. 2006. Weed interference in soybean (Glycine max L.). Agricultural Economy and Environment 67: 1-22.

Cox, J.W., Hahnt, R.R., Stachowski, P.J., and Cherney, J.H. 2005. Weed interference and glyphosate timing affect forage yield and quality. Agronomy Journal 97: 847-853.

Dekker, J. 1997. Weed diversity and weed management. Weed Science 45: 357-363.

Dieleman, A., Hamil, A.S., Weise, S.F., and Swanton, C.J. 1999. Empirical models of pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) interference in soybean (Glysine max L.). Weed Science 43: 612-618.

FAO. 2005. Quarterly bulletin of statistics (QBS). Vol, 11. No 214.

Grichar, W.J., Dotray, P.A., and Trostle, C.L. 2012. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) tolerance to post emergence herbicides and weed control efficacy. International Journal Agronomy 2012: 1-5.

Hagood, E.S., Bauman, T.T., Willams, L., and Schreiber, M.M. 1981. Growth analysis of soybean (Glycine max) in competition with Jimsonweed (Datura stramonum). Weed Science 29: 500-504.

Harper, J.I. 1977. The Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press. London. 892 pp.

Hosseini, P., Rahimian, H., and Alizadeh, H. 2011. Competition of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) with two soybean (Glysine max L.) cultivar under sole and intercropping systems. Iranian Journal Weed Science 7: 13-24. (In Persian with English Summary)

Javadi, H., Rashedmohasel, H., Nasrabadi, A., and Mosavi, G. 2006. The effect planting density on growth index four genotype sorghum. Proceeding of the 9th Iranian Congress of Crop Science, 27-29 Aug. Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 630 pp. (In Persian with English Summary)

Hunt, R. 1982. Plant Growth Curves. The Functional Approach to Plant Growth Analysis. Edwards Arnold publication. London, UK. 248 pp.

Karimi, M., and Azaizi, M. 1988. Crop Analysis of Growth. Mashhad Jihad-e Daneshgahi Press, Mashhad, Iran. 111 pp. (In Persian)

Klingman, T.E., and Oliver, L.R. 1994. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri L.) interference in soybean (Glycine max L.). Weed Science 42: 523-527.

Knezevic, S.Z., Vanderlip, R.L., and Horak, M.J. 2001. Relative time of physiology determinants for Amaranthus retroflexus. Weed Science 47: 291-296.

Lebaschy, M.H., and Sharifi, E. 2004. Application of physiology growth indices for suitable harvesting of Hypericum perforatum. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 65: 65-75. (In Persian with English Summary)

Massinga, R.A., Currie, R.S., and Horack, M.J. 2003. Interference of palmer amaranth in corn. Weed Science 49: 202-208.

Mirzaei, R., Banyan, M., Nassiri, M., Damgani, A., and Solimani, A. 2006. The effect of different densities of pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) on growth indices of corn (Zea mays L.). Proceeding of the 9th Iranian Congress of Crop Science 27-29 Aug. Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 630 pp. (In Persian with English Summary)

Moiser, D.G., and Oliver, L.R. 1995. Common cocklebur interference on soybean (Glycine max). Weed Science 43: 239-240.

Naseri, F. 1996. Seed oil. Astane Godse Razavi Press. 746 pp. (In Persian)

Oguniyi, D.S. 2006. Castor oil: A vital industrial raw material. Bioresource Technology 97: 1086-91.

Opinger, E.S., Oeke, E.A., Kaminski, A.R., Combs, S.M., Doll, J.D., and Schuler, R.T. 1990. Castor bean production. U.S.D.A. Farmers Bulletin. No. 2041.

Radosevich, S.R. 1987. Methods to study interaction among crops and weeds. Weed Technology 1: 190-250.

Raei, Y., Ghassemi, K., Javanshir, A., Alyari, H., Mohammadi, S.A., and Nasrallahzadeh, S. 2007. Interference effect of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and grain yield. Iranian Crop Science Journal 7(9): 2: 140-155. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rahimi, A., and Alikhni, M.A. 2010. Extinction coefficient, radiation use efficient, leaf area and dry matter distribution in corn (Zea mays) under competition with pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Iranian Journal Weed Science 6(1): 65-77.

Roberta, M., Donato, L., Stfen, B., Vanti, M., Clarazain, M., and Goseppe, Z. 2010. Temperature and water potential as parameters for modeling weed emergence in central- northern Italy. Weed Science 58: 216-222.

Shinggu, C.P., Mahadi, M.A., and Adekpe, D.I. 2011. Performance of castor (Ricinus communis L.) as influenced by period of weed interference in Samru, Nigeria. International of Science and Nature 2(1): 75-78.

Talatala, S.R., and Ranchz, C.V. 1990. Integrated weed control approach in corn. Philippine Journal Weed Science 17: 33-38.

Taherifard, E., and Germi, F. 2011. Morphlogical characters of four varieties of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) in response to pruninglateral branches. Advances Environmental Biology 5(11): 3594-3598.

Traore, S.C., Mason, C., Martin, A.R., Mortensen, D.A., and Spotansk, I. 2003. Velvetleaf interference effects on yield and growth of grain sorghum. Weed Science 45: 345-351.

Tollenaar, M., Nissanka, S.P., Aguilera, A., Weise, S.F., and Swanton, C.J. 1994. Effect of interference and nitrogen on four maize hybrids. Agronomy Journal 86: 596-601.

Valdinei, S., Liv, S., Silva, M.O., Silv, V.N.B., and Brito, G. 2012. Pre and post-emergence herbicides for weed control in Castor crop. Industrial crops and products 37(1): 235-237.

Yadavi, A.R., Aghaalighani, M., Ghalavand, A., and Zand, E. 2006. Effect of plant density and planting arrangement on grain yield and growth indices of corn under redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) competition. Agricultural Research Journal 6(3): 31-46. (In Persian with English Summary)