راهبردهای گذار از کشاورزی رایج به پایدار در ایران: - بهبود کارایی مصرف نهاده‏ ها

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 2، دوره 9، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 33، مهر 1396، صفحه 618-637   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jag.v9i3.27137

نویسندگان

علیرضا کوچکی^{* 1}؛ مهدی نصیری محلاتی¹؛ روح اله مرادی^{1، 2}؛ حامد منصوری^{1، 3}

¹گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

²گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی بردسیر، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، ایران

³مؤسسـه تحقیقات چغندرقند، همدان، ایران

چکیده

بهبود کارایی مصرف نهاده‏های کشاورزی اولین مرحله برای گذار از کشاورزی رایج به کشاورزی پایدار می باشد. در این راستا مطالعه حاضر جهت بررسی وضعیت موجود کارایی استفاده از نهاده‏های مختلف وارائه راهکارهاییبه‌منظور افزایش کارایی استفاده از نهاده‏ها در بوم‏نظام‏های زراعی کشور صورت گرفت. بدین منظور، مطالعات انجام گرفته شامل 177 پژوهش در زمینه میزان و کارایی استفاده از نهاده‏های مختلف از منابع اطلاعاتی متنوع موجود استخراج و مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج بررسی‏ها نشان داد که به‌طور کلی با افزایش میزان مصرف نهاده‏های مختلف در گروه‏های مختلف گیاهان زراعی، کارایی زراعی استفاده از نهاده‏ها کاهش یافت. شیب کاهش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن به‌ازای افزایش یک کیلوگرم از این نهاده برای گیاهان زراعی مختلف از 2/1 در گیاه سیب‌زمینی (Solanum tuberosum L.) تا 12/0 در گروه حبوبات متفاوت بود. این روند برای کارایی مصرف آب از 62/10 برای سیب‌زمینی تا 27/0 در چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) حاصل شد. در منابع مختلف راهکارهای متفاوتی برای افزایش مصرف نهاده‏ها ارائه شده است. در زمینه بهبود کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، راهکارهایی همچون مدیریت نوع منبع کودی مورد استفاده، تقسیط کاربرد نیتروژن و همچنین محلول‏پاشی گزارش شده است. برای بهبود کارایی مصرف آب نیز به تغییر روش‌های آبیاری رایج به سمت آبیاری تحت فشار، استفاده از خاکپوش‏ها و شخم کاهش‏یافته اشاره شده است. تغییر در تراکم و آرایش کاشت به منظور دریافت حداکثر تشعشع نیز به عنوان روش‏های بهبود کارایی جذب نور بیان گردید. برای بهبود کارایی مصرف سایر نهاده‏های شیمیایی و به‌ویژه علف‌کش‌ها استفاده از تکنولوژی‏های پیشرفته، تقسیط زمان مصرف و ترکیب آن‌ها با افزودنی‏هایی همچون مویان‏ها و روغن‏ها پیشنهاد شده‌است. با توجه به نتایج این بررسی، بین کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن رابطه مثبت ولی ضعیف با ضریب تبیین 049/0 مشاهده شد، در صورتی که بین کارایی سایر نهاده‌ها رابطه مشخصی مشاهده نشد. به‌طور کلی علی‌رغم این‌که مطالعات و پژوهش‏هایی در این زمینه در سطح کشور انجام گرفته است و راهکارهایی جهت بهبود کارایی مصرف نهاده‌ها ارائه شده است ولی اتخاذ‌‏های لازم در جهت انتقال این راهکارها به کشاورزان در سطح کشور مورد نیاز می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

الگوی کاشت؛ بهره‌وری؛ بوم سازگار؛ تقسیط؛ خاکپوش؛ مویان

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