راهبردهای گذار از کشاورزی رایج به پایدار در ایران - جایگزینی نهاده‏ها و طراحی بوم‌نظام کشاورزی

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 1، دوره 9، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 34، دی 1396، صفحه 935-959   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jag.v9i4.27139

نویسندگان

علیرضا کوچکی^{* 1}؛ مهدی نصیری محلاتی¹؛ روح اله مرادی^{2، 1}؛ حامد منصوری^{3، 1}

¹گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

²گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی بردسیر، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، ایران

³مؤسسه تحقیقات چغندرقند، همدان، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
با بهبود کارایی مصرف نهاده‏ها در بوم‏نظام‏های کشاورزی، جایگزینی نهاده‏های بوم‌سازگار با نهاده‏های شیمیایی به‌عنوان دومین گام و طراحی مجدد بوم‏نظام‏های زراعی به‌عنوان آخرین مرحله در گذار از کشاورزی رایج به پایدار مطرح می‏باشند. به منظور ارزیابی وضعیت نظام‏های زراعی کشور، 223 پژوهش و مطالعه انجام گرفته در سطح کشور در زمینه‏های مختلف از نظر جایگزینی نهاده‏ها و طراحی بوم‏نظام‏های زراعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با توجه به این‌که در کشاورزی پایدار بیشتر کارکردهای چندگانه بوم‏نظام‏ها مدنظر می‏باشد، در این مطالعه سعی شده است جنبه‏های چند کارکردی مدیریت‏های مختلف در زمینه جایگزینی نهاده‌ها مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. کارکردهای مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش شامل بهبود خصوصیات بیوفیزیکوشیمیایی خاک، مدیریت بوم‌سازگار آفات و بیماری‏ها، کاهش مصرف انرژی و افزایش تنوع زیستی با استفاده از رهیافت‌های مدیریتی بوم‌سازگار می‏باشند که در قالب مدیریت‏های مختلف از قبیل استفاده از کودهای آلی و بیولوژیک، مدیریت بقایای گیاهی، استفاده از ویژگی‏های دگرآسیبی گیاهان، شخم‏های حفاظتی، تناوب زراعی و کشت مخلوط مطرح می‏باشند. در بخش طراحی، بر مبنای آگاهی و دانش حاصل از پژوهش‏های نظری و عملی، بوم‏نظام کشاورزی پایدار طراحی و بازآفرینی شد. در طراحی مدیریت آب و خاک، آب در مقیاس چرخه‏های بزرگ در نظر گرفته شد و در مورد خاک تأکید بر تغذیه خاک به‌جای تغذیه گیاه صورت گرفت. در مدیریت آفات به‌جای کنترل به بینش مدیریت آفات توجه شد و در مدیریت تنوع، مفهوم تنوع فراتر از گونه‏های زراعی مدنظر قرار گرفت و گونه‏های گیاهی غیر‌زراعی، گونه‏های جانوری و تنوع زیر خاک را نیز در نظر گرفت. رهیافت‏های تخفیف و سازگاری در رابطه با تغییر اقلیم و همچنین تدریجی کردن دوره گذار از رایج به پایدار به منظور به‌حداقل رساندن مخاطرات مالی برای کشاورزان نیز از جمله مواردی است که در طراحی بوم‌نظام مورد توجه قرار گرفت. به‌طور کلی، علی‌رغم این‌که در بخش جایگزینی نهاده‏های بوم‌سازگار به جای نهاده‏های رایج پژوهش‏های مختلفی در ایران انجام گرفته است ولی سیاست گذاری‏ در انتقال این راهبردها به مزارع ضروری است. گرچه از نظر طراحی بوم‏نظام زراعی بوم‌سازگار پژوهش‏های منسجمی در این زمینه صورت نگرفته است، ولی وجود نتایج کافی برای دو مرحله اول و دوم (افزایش کارایی نهاده‏ها و جایگزینی آن‌ها) می‏تواند مبنایی برای این مرحله باشد. بنابراین در مرحله آخر گذار به کشاورزی پایدار باید مطالعات عمیقی در سطح بوم‏نظام بر اساس پتانسیل هر منطقه انجام شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بازآفرینی؛ پایداری خاک؛ تغییر اقلیم؛ تنوع زیستی؛ توسعه روستایی؛ چند کارکردی

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Orooji, K., Khazaei, H.R., Rashed Mahasel, M.H., Ghorbani, R., and Azizi, M. 2008. Allelopathic effects of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) on germination and initial growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album). Journal of Plant Protection 22: 119-128. (In Persian with English Summary)

Oveisi, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Rostami, M., Baghestani, M.A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2006. Effect of three rotation systems on weed seed bank of barely fields in Karaj. Iranian Journal of Field CropS Research 4: 1-11. (In Persian with English Summary)

Padasht Dehkaei, F., and Izadyar, M. 2007. Study on the biological control of rice blast disease in the field condition. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 13: 1-9. (In Persian with English Summary)

Pirsteh Anoshe, H., Emam, Y., and Saharkhiz, M.J. 2011. Study of allelopathic characterizes of some medicinal plants on some germination properties and pre-growth of wheat and wild oat. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 9: 95-102. (In Persian with English Summary)

Pour Azar, R. 2009. Agronomy, mechanical and chemical control of canola`s weeds. Journal of Weed Research 1: 11-23. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rahim Zadeh, S., Sohrabi, Y., Heydari, G., Eyvazi, A., and Hosseini, T. 2011. Application effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on yield and essence amount of Dracocephalum moldavica. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 27: 81-96. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rahimizadeh, M., Zare Feizabadi, A., Kashani, A., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati M. 2012. Evaluation of soil fertility in wheat-based double cropping systems under different rates of nitrogen and return of crop residue. Journal of Water and Soil 25: 1277-1286. (In Persian with English Summary)

Raof Fard, R., and Omid Beygi, R. 2011. Evaluation of allelophatic characterize of Hyacinth shoot (Angelica archangelica L.). Journal of Horticulture Sciences 25: 261-266. (In Persian)

Rezaei, D., Haghniya, G.H., Lakziyan, A., Hasan Zadeh Khayat, M., and Nasirli, H. 2011. Organic decomposition of atrazin in various concentration by pseudomonas bacteria. Journal of Plant Protection 25: 224-227. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Raoofi, M.R., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., and Moradi. R. 2009. Evaluation of sowing patterns and weed control on mung bean (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek) - black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) intercropping system. Journal of Agroecology 1: 65-79. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Moradi, R. 2012. Evaluation of planting date, biological fertilizer and intercropping on yield and essence quantity of cumin and fenugreek. Journal of Iranian Agronomy Plants Sciences 43: 217-230. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rosta, M.J. 2009. Effect of different tillage methods on organic matter amount and aggregate sustainable. Science of Water and Soil 67: 23-61. (In Persian with English Summary)

Saber, Z., Pir Dashti, H., esmaeili, M.A., and Abbasiyan, A. 2013. Evaluation of growth promoting bacteria, nitrogen and phosphor on fertilizer efficiency and wheat yield of N-80-19 variety in sari conditions. Journal of Agroecology 5: 39-49. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sadeghi, A., Hesan, A.R., Asghari, H., Naderi-ghomi, D., Farsi, M., Karimi, E., Majidi, E., Omidvari, M., and Abbaszade, P. 2009. Biological control of Rhizoctonia solani damping off of sugar beet with native Streptomyces isolates under greenhouse and field conditions. Journal of Sugarbeet 25: 177-191. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sadrabadi, R., Critchley, N., Cooper, J., Leifert, K., and Eyre, M. 2010. Effects of different fertilizer and protection managements on seed bank properties in an organic system. Journal of Agroecology 2: 512-522. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sadravi, M. 2006. Effecy of crops rotation on population of mycorrhizal fungi of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 13: 1-7. (In Persian with English Summary)

Saeid Nejad, A.M., Khazaei, H.A., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2012. Study of application effect of organic matter, biological and chemical fertilizers on some morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of silage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10: 503-510. (In Persian with English Summary)

Safadost, A., Mosaddegi, M.R., Mahbobi, A.A., Norozi, A., and Asadiyan, G. 2007. Effect of short-term tillage and manure on soil structure properties. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 41: 91-100. (In Persian with English Summary)

Safaeye, M.R., and Daneshvar Kakhki, M. 2006. Design of water pumping from well by application of wind energy. Sharif Journal 36: 3-8. (In Persian with English Summary)

Salami, P., and Ahmadi, H. 2010. Energy input and output in a chickpea production system in Kurdistan, Iran. African Crop Science Journal 18: 51-57.

Salehi, F., Bohrani, M.J., Kazemini, S.A., Pakniyyat, H., and Karimiyan, N. 2011. Effect of amount of wheat residuals and nitrogen fertilizer on some characterizes of filed soil in bean cultivation. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 15: 209-218. (In Persian with English Summary)

Saraei, R., Lahoti, M., and Ganjali, A. 2012. Assessment of allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus on some germination, morphological and biochemical characterizes of barely and Sisymbrium irio. Journal of Agroecology 4: 215-222. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sarani, S.A., Sharifi Tehrani, A., Ahmadzadeh, M., and Javan Nikkhah, M. 2009. Biological control of canola rhizoctonia damping by Burkholderia cepacia bacterial. Journal of Agricultural Science 32: 1-14. (In Persian with English Summary)

Seyedi, M., Hamzei, J., Ahmadvand, G., and Abutalebian, M.A. 2012. The evaluation of weed suppression and crop production in barley-chickpea intercrops. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production 22: 101-114. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shahiri Tabarestani, M., Falahati, M., Jafarpour, B., and Rohani, H. 2005. Investigation on biological control of sugar beet damping-off disease by some isolates of Trichoderma harizanum Rafai. Journal of Sugarbeet 21: 57-75. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shakeri, A., Amini, M., Tabatabaei, S.A., and Modarres Sanavi, S.A. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and biological fertilizer included Azotobacter and Azospirillum on seed yield and fatty acid of sesame varieties in Yazd conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10: 742-750. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shefaati, F., Esmaili, M.A., Pir Dashti, H.A., and Abbasiyan, A. 2012. Application effect of organic fertilizer in different levels of nitrogen and phosphor chemical fertilizers on linked characteristics with barely seed yield. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research 43: 185-193. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shirani, H., Haj Abbasi, M.A., Afyoni, M., and Hemmat, A. 2010. Effect of tillage systems and manure on Penetration resistance of soil under maize cultivation. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 154: 14-41. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shoghi Klokhran, S., Ghalavand, A., Modarres Sanavi, S.A.M. 2011. Effect of organic and green fertilizers in combination with nitrogen source (chemical-manure) on qualities and quantity characteristics of sunflower. Environmental Sciences 9: 35-52. (In Persian with English Summary)

Siahmarguei, A., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Banayan, M., and Kharaghani, F. 2003. The effect of three crop rotation systems on diversity and dispersal of weed seedbank communities. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 1: 257-270. (In Persian with English Summary)

Taghi Zadeh, M., Ramrodi, M., Galavi, M., Siyahsar, B., Heydari, m., and Maghsodi Moud, A.A. 2012. Application effect of various phosphor fertilizers as chemical and organic on yield and yield components of maize and green pea in intercropping system. Iranian Journal of Agronomy Plants Sciences 43: 203-215. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tahami Zarandi, S.M., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2011. Assessment of germination and morphological properties of oat under shoot organs extractraction of four medicinal plants. Journal of Plant Protection 25: 398-406. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tahmasebi Servestani, Z., and Mostafavi Rad, M. 2011. Effect of nitrogen organic and chemical sources on qualities and quantity characteristics of winter canola`s three varieties in arak. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 4: 177-194. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tsubo, M., Walker, S., and Mukhala, E. 2001. Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-/inter-cropping systems with different row orientations. Field Crops Research 71: 17–29.

Velayati, M., Zamani, G.R., Jami Alahmadi, M., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., and Hosseini, S.A. 2011. The inhibitory effects of Chenopodium seeds on germination and seedling growth of maize and sorghum. Journal of Plant Protection 25: 1-7. (In Persian with English Summary)

Visani, V., Rahim Zadeh, S., and Sohrabi, Y. 2012. Effect of biological fertilizer on morphological, physiological characteristics and essence amount of basil. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 28: 73-78. (In Persian with English Summary)

Yaghtin, S., Ardalan, M., Sharafa, M., and Alikhani, H. 2009. Effect of compost and vermicompost of municipal waste to increasing of micro-elements and decreasing of chemical fertilizer application. Environmental Sciences and Technology 11: 185-195. (In Persian with English Summary)