Strategies of Transition to Sustainable Agriculture in Iran II- Inputs Replacement and Designing Agroecosystem

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 1, Volume 9, Issue 4 - Serial Number 34, December 2017, Pages 935-959   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v9i4.27139

Authors

Alireza Koocheki^{* 1}; Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati¹; Rohollah Moradi^{2, 1}; Hamed Mansouri^{3, 1}

¹Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

²Department of Plant Productions, Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran

³Sugar Beet Research Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Introduction
Sustainable agricultural development is an important goal in economic planning and human development worldwide. A range of processes and relationships are transformed, beginning with aspects of basic soil structure, organic matter content, and diversity and activity of soil biota. Eventually, major changes also occur in the relationships among weed, insect, and disease populations, and in the balance between beneficial and pest organisms. Ultimately, nutrient dynamics and cycling, energy use efficiency, and overall system productivity are impacted. Measuring and monitoring these changes during the conversion period helps the farmer evaluate the success of the conversion process, and provides a framework to determine the requirements for sustainability. After improving resource use efficiency, replacement of ecological inputs with chemical inputs as second step and redesign of agro-ecosystems is as final step in transition of common to sustainable agriculture. The study was investigated to evaluation of Iran’s agricultural systems status.
Materials and Methods
Using organic and ecological inputs than chemicals is the second step for transition to sustainable agriculture. This study was performed to assess and measure the status of inputs replacement and agro-ecosystem designing based on ecological principle in Iran. For this purpose, we used 223 studied researches on agronomical and medicinal plants. After, they analyzed based on functional and structural characteristics and then used. Considering to the importance of multi-functionality in sustainable agriculture, in this study we considered the multiple managements for inputs replacement. The using functions in the study were: improving fertility and bio-chemical characteristics of soil, ecological managements of pest and diseases, reducing the energy usage, and increasing biodiversity. Using the organic and biological inputs, remaining the plant residual on soil, using the allelopathy, reduced and conservation tillage, crop rotation and intercropping were the main approaches for inputs replacement. In section of agro-ecosystem designing, we designed the replaced systems based on increasing inputs efficiency approach (first step) and also replacement of conventional inputs with ecological inputs (second step). We considered the parameters about water, soil, pest management, biodiversity, climate change, low inputs systems, margin regions and environmental hazards in designing section. In designing sustainable agroecosystems, the designing of each component was considered in relation to others components and finally designed the total of agroecosystem as on society.
Results and Discussion
The results of studies showed that in most cases, mechanical control of weed in addition to environmental benefits can be most effective than chemical control. Crop rotation can be considered as a suitable replacement method than chemical herbicides. Intercropping was found as an appropriate approach for pest control. Using the allelophatic properties of plants had a positive role for pest and weed control in Iran.
Increasing the biodiversity must be considered in transition to sustainable agriculture. Crop rotation, organic fertilizers and intercropping were found the effective approaches for improving biodiversity in agro-ecosystems. Sustainability of agro-ecosystem is closed with soil sustainability. The studies showed that using organic chemical, remaining residual on soil, conservation tillage, crop rotation and intercropping spatially with legumes are the improving approaches for physical-chemical characteristics of soil and replacement for chemical fertilizers. Based on the researches, one main goal for achieving to sustainable agriculture was found minimizing energy consumption. Efficient use of energy in agriculture will prevent destruction of natural resources, and promote sustainable agriculture as an economical production system. Thus, natural resources could be used more efficiently. Eliminate the use of nonrenewable off farm human inputs that have the potential to harm the environment or the health of farmers, farm workers, or consumers. Mitigation and adaptation strategies in relation to climate change and quantization of transition period from common to sustainable agriculture to reduce economic risks for farmers were regarded in the agro-ecosystem design.
Conclusion
In general, although different studies were performed in the replacement of ecological inputs instead of common inputs in Iran, needed policy is necessary to transfer findings of these researches to fields. Although the complete studies were not carried out about designing agro-ecosystem, the existence of enough results for two previous steps (increasing inputs efficiency and its replacement) could be basic for this step. Therefore, deep researches and studies based on site potential in the ecosystem level should be done in the final step of transition to sustainable agriculture.

Keywords

Biodiversity; Climate change; Multifunctional; Recreation; Rural Development; Soil Stability

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Sadravi, M. 2006. Effecy of crops rotation on population of mycorrhizal fungi of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 13: 1-7. (In Persian with English Summary)

Saeid Nejad, A.M., Khazaei, H.A., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2012. Study of application effect of organic matter, biological and chemical fertilizers on some morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of silage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10: 503-510. (In Persian with English Summary)

Safadost, A., Mosaddegi, M.R., Mahbobi, A.A., Norozi, A., and Asadiyan, G. 2007. Effect of short-term tillage and manure on soil structure properties. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 41: 91-100. (In Persian with English Summary)

Safaeye, M.R., and Daneshvar Kakhki, M. 2006. Design of water pumping from well by application of wind energy. Sharif Journal 36: 3-8. (In Persian with English Summary)

Salami, P., and Ahmadi, H. 2010. Energy input and output in a chickpea production system in Kurdistan, Iran. African Crop Science Journal 18: 51-57.

Salehi, F., Bohrani, M.J., Kazemini, S.A., Pakniyyat, H., and Karimiyan, N. 2011. Effect of amount of wheat residuals and nitrogen fertilizer on some characterizes of filed soil in bean cultivation. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 15: 209-218. (In Persian with English Summary)

Saraei, R., Lahoti, M., and Ganjali, A. 2012. Assessment of allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus on some germination, morphological and biochemical characterizes of barely and Sisymbrium irio. Journal of Agroecology 4: 215-222. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sarani, S.A., Sharifi Tehrani, A., Ahmadzadeh, M., and Javan Nikkhah, M. 2009. Biological control of canola rhizoctonia damping by Burkholderia cepacia bacterial. Journal of Agricultural Science 32: 1-14. (In Persian with English Summary)

Seyedi, M., Hamzei, J., Ahmadvand, G., and Abutalebian, M.A. 2012. The evaluation of weed suppression and crop production in barley-chickpea intercrops. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production 22: 101-114. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shahiri Tabarestani, M., Falahati, M., Jafarpour, B., and Rohani, H. 2005. Investigation on biological control of sugar beet damping-off disease by some isolates of Trichoderma harizanum Rafai. Journal of Sugarbeet 21: 57-75. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shakeri, A., Amini, M., Tabatabaei, S.A., and Modarres Sanavi, S.A. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and biological fertilizer included Azotobacter and Azospirillum on seed yield and fatty acid of sesame varieties in Yazd conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10: 742-750. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shefaati, F., Esmaili, M.A., Pir Dashti, H.A., and Abbasiyan, A. 2012. Application effect of organic fertilizer in different levels of nitrogen and phosphor chemical fertilizers on linked characteristics with barely seed yield. Iranian Journal of Water and Soil Research 43: 185-193. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shirani, H., Haj Abbasi, M.A., Afyoni, M., and Hemmat, A. 2010. Effect of tillage systems and manure on Penetration resistance of soil under maize cultivation. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 154: 14-41. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shoghi Klokhran, S., Ghalavand, A., Modarres Sanavi, S.A.M. 2011. Effect of organic and green fertilizers in combination with nitrogen source (chemical-manure) on qualities and quantity characteristics of sunflower. Environmental Sciences 9: 35-52. (In Persian with English Summary)

Siahmarguei, A., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Banayan, M., and Kharaghani, F. 2003. The effect of three crop rotation systems on diversity and dispersal of weed seedbank communities. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 1: 257-270. (In Persian with English Summary)

Taghi Zadeh, M., Ramrodi, M., Galavi, M., Siyahsar, B., Heydari, m., and Maghsodi Moud, A.A. 2012. Application effect of various phosphor fertilizers as chemical and organic on yield and yield components of maize and green pea in intercropping system. Iranian Journal of Agronomy Plants Sciences 43: 203-215. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tahami Zarandi, S.M., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2011. Assessment of germination and morphological properties of oat under shoot organs extractraction of four medicinal plants. Journal of Plant Protection 25: 398-406. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tahmasebi Servestani, Z., and Mostafavi Rad, M. 2011. Effect of nitrogen organic and chemical sources on qualities and quantity characteristics of winter canola`s three varieties in arak. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 4: 177-194. (In Persian with English Summary)

Tsubo, M., Walker, S., and Mukhala, E. 2001. Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-/inter-cropping systems with different row orientations. Field Crops Research 71: 17–29.

Velayati, M., Zamani, G.R., Jami Alahmadi, M., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., and Hosseini, S.A. 2011. The inhibitory effects of Chenopodium seeds on germination and seedling growth of maize and sorghum. Journal of Plant Protection 25: 1-7. (In Persian with English Summary)

Visani, V., Rahim Zadeh, S., and Sohrabi, Y. 2012. Effect of biological fertilizer on morphological, physiological characteristics and essence amount of basil. Iranian Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 28: 73-78. (In Persian with English Summary)

Yaghtin, S., Ardalan, M., Sharafa, M., and Alikhani, H. 2009. Effect of compost and vermicompost of municipal waste to increasing of micro-elements and decreasing of chemical fertilizer application. Environmental Sciences and Technology 11: 185-195. (In Persian with English Summary)