اثر مقایسه ای تراکم در نژادهای تک جنسی و دوجنسی زنبور Lysiphlebus fabarum، بر سوپرپارازیتیسم روی شته سیاه باقلا Aphis fabae

حفاظت گیاهان

مقاله 2، دوره 30، شماره 2، تابستان 1395، صفحه 251-260  

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.v30i2.42305

نویسندگان

لیلی محسنی¹؛ آرش راسخ ¹؛ فرهان کچیلی²

¹دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

²اهواز

چکیده

درگذشته سوپرپارازیتیسم در میان پارازیتوئیدهای انفرادی به عنوان یک رفتار ناسازگار شناخته میشد، درحالیکه سوپرپارازیتیسم میتواند در شرایطی یک پدیدهی مطلوب باشد. به منظور تعیین اثر تراکم زنبور پارازیتوئید Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hym.: Braconidae) بر میزان سوپرپارازیتیسم، 40 پورهی سن دوم شته سیاه باقلا Aphis fabae Scopoli، به طور جداگانه در اختیار تراکمهای مختلف (1، 5، 10، 15، 20 و 30) نژادهای تک جنسی و دوجنسی زنبور قرار گرفتند. بعد از 24 ساعت، زنبورها حذف شدند و بعد از 5/2 روز شتهها تشریح و تعداد لارو زنبورها شمارش شدند. به منظور بررسی روند حذف لاروهای رقیب، آزمایش بالا تکرار و شتهها در روزهای 5/2، 5/3 و 5/4 تشریح شدند. مطابق با نتایج بهدست آمده، در هر دو نژاد، تراکم متفاوت زنبور منجر به اختلاف معنیدار در تعداد لاروهای موجود در شتههای پارازیته شد. مقایسهی تعداد لاروها، در تراکمهای مختلف نشان داد که در تراکمهای یک، 5 و 10 در نژاد دوجنسی به طور معنیداری تعداد بیشتری لارو نسبت به نژاد تک جنسی شمارش شد. در مقابل در تراکم 30، مادههای تک جنسی به نسبت میزبانهای خود را به تعداد بیشتری سوپرپارازیته کردند. در خصوص روند حذف لاروهای رقیب، در نژاد دوجنسی در تراکمهای 5، 20 و 30 همراه با گذشت زمان، حذف لاروهای رقیب مشاهده شد. در نژاد تک جنسی در هیچ یک از تراکمها تفاوت معنیداری در تعداد لارو بین سه روز تشریح مشاهده نشد. با تعیین نسبت مناسب زنبور به میزبان، نتایج تحقیق حاضر میتواند در پرورش انبوه دو نژاد L. fabaum مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تداخل همزیستی؛ رقابت؛ پارازیتوئید؛ پرورش انبوه؛ Braconidae

مراجع

1- Ameri M. 2013. An investigation of some factors affecting foraging behavior in the thelytokous parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). M.Sc. dissertation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. 81 pp. (in Persian with English abstract).

2- Askew R.R. 1968. A survey of leaf-miners and their parasites on Laburnum. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 120: 1-37.

3- Belshaw R., and Quicke D.L.J. 2003. The cytogenetics of thelytoky in a predominantly asexual parasitoid wasp with covert sex. Genome, 46: 170–173.

4- Boldt P.E., and Ignoffo C.M. 1972. Scanning electron microscopy of egg wounds inflicted by a Trichogramma wasp. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62: 760–762.

5- Chow F.J., and Mackauer M. 1985. Multiparasitism of the pea aphid: Stage of development of parasite determines survival of Aphidius smithi and Proan pequodorum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 117: 133-134.

6- Cloutier C., and Mackauer M. 1979. The effect of parasitism by Aphidius smithi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on the food budget of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57: 1605- 1611.

7- Cloutier C. 1984. The effect of host density on egg distribution by the solitary parasitoid, Aphidius nigripes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 116: 805–811.

8- Crawley M.J. 1993. GLIM for Ecologists. Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Oxford, UK.

9- Desneux N., Barta R.J., Delebecque C.J., and Heimpel G.E. 2009. Transient host paralysis as a means of reducing self-superparasitism in koinobiont endoparasitoids. Journal of Insect Physiology, 55: 321–27.

10- Driessen G., and Hemerik L. 1991. Aggregative responses of parasitoids and parasitism in populations of Drosophila breeding in fungi. Oikos, 61: 96-107.

11- Fisher R.C. 1961. A study in insect multiparasitism. II. The mechanisms and control of competition for possession of the host. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 38: 605-628.

12- Fisher R.C. 1971. Aspects of physiology of endoparasitic Hymenoptera. Biological Reviews, 46:243–278.

13- Goubault M., Outreman Y., Poinsot D., and Cortesero A. 2005. Patch exploitation strategies of parasitic wasps under intraspecific competition. Behavioral Ecology, 16: 693–701.

14- Goubault M., Plantegenest M., Poinsot D., and Cortesero A.M. 2003. Effect of expected offspring survival probability on host selection in a solitary parasitoid. Entomologia Expermentalis et Applicata. 109: 123-131.

15- Hagen K.S. 1964. Developmental stages of parasites. In: DeBach, P. (Ed.), Biological control of insects, pests, and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 168–246.

16- Hagvar E.B. 1988. Multiparasitism of the green peach aphid, Byzus persicae: competition in the egg stage between Aphidius matricariae and Ephedrus cerasicola. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 47:275–282.

17- Hagvar E.B., and Hofsvang T. 1988. Interspecific competition between the aphid parasitoids Aphidius colemani Viereck and Ephedrus cerasicola. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 47: 275–282.

18- Hassell M.P., and Huffaker C.B. 1969. Regulatory processes and population cyclicity in laboratory populations in Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). III. The development of population models. Researches in Population Ecology, 11: 186–210.

19- Hofsvang T. 1988. Mechanisms of host discrimination and intraspecific competition in the aphid parasitoid Ephedrus cerasicola. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 48: 233–239.

20- Hubbard S.F., Marris G., Reynolds A., and Rowe G.W. 1987. Adaptive patterns in the avoidance of superparasitism by solitary parasitic wasps. Journal of Animal Ecology, 56:387–401.

21- Iwasa Y., Susuki Y., and Matsuda H. (1984) Theory of oviposition strategy of parasitoids. I. Effect of mortality and limited egg number. Theoretical Population Biology, 26: 205–227.

22- Kant R., Minor M.A., and Trewick S.A. 2012. Fitness gain in a koinobiont parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by parasitizing hosts of different ages. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 15: 83-87.

23- Mangel M. 1987. Oviposition site selection and clutch size in insects. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 25: 1–22.

24- Mangel M. 1989. Evolution of host selection in parasitoids: does the state of the parasitoid matter? American Naturalist, 133: 688–705.

25- Mohammadi Z. 2014. Impact of host developmental stage on offspring fitness and investigation of foraging behavior in Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). M.Sc. dissertation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. 116 pp. (in Persian with English abstract).

26- Pennachio F., Digilio M.C., and Tremblay E. 1995. Biochemical and metabolic alterations in Acyrthosiphon pisum parasitised by Aphidius ervi. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 30: 351-367.

27- Pexton J.J., and Mayhew P.J. 2002. Siblicide and life-history evolution in parasitoids. Behavioral Ecology, 13: 690–95.

28- Rakhshani E., Talebi A.A., Manzari S., Rezwani A., and Rakhshani H. 2006. An investigation on alfalfa aphids and their parasitoids in different parts of Iran, with a key to the parasitoids (Hemiptera: Aphididae; Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 25(2): 1-14.

29- Rasekh A., Kharazi-Pakdel A., Michaud J.P., Allahyari H., and Rakhshani E. 2011. Report of a thelytokous population of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 30: 83-84.

30- Rasekh A., Michaud J.P., Kharazi-Pakdel A., and Allahyari H. 2010. Ant mimicry by an aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum. Journal of Insect Science, 10.

31- Salt G. 1960. Experimental studies in insect parasitism. XI. The haemocytic reaction of a caterpillar under varied conditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society (B), 151: 446-467.

32- Salt G. 1961. Competition among insect parasitoids. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 15:96–119.

33- Sequeira R., and Mackauer M. 1993. The nutritional ecology of a parasitoid wasp, Ephedrus californicus Baker (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 125: 423-430.

34- Sirot E., Ploye H., and Bernstein C. 1997. State dependant superparasitism in a solitary parasitoid: egg load and survival. Behavioural Ecology, 8: 226–232.

35- SPSS. 1998. SPSS 8.0 for Windows. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.

36- Streams F.A. 1971. Encapsulation of insect parasites in superparasitized hosts. Entomologia Expermentalis et Applicata. 14: 484-490.

37- Sutherland W.J. 1996. From Individual Behaviour to Population Ecology. Oxford University Press.

38- Van Alphen J.J.M., and Nell H.W. 1982. Superparasitism and host discrimination by Asobara tabida Nees (Braconidae: Alysiinae), larval parasitoid of Drosophilidae. Netherlands Journal of Zoology. 32: 232–260.

39- Van Alphen J.J.M., and Vet L.E.M. 1986. An evolutionary approach to host finding and selection. Insect Parasitoids (eds J. Waage & D. Greathead), pp. 23–61. Academic Press.

40- Van Alphen J.J.M. and Visser M.E. 1990. Superparasitism as an adaptive strategy for insect parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology, 35: 59–79.

41- Van Dijken M.J., Van Stratum P., and Van Alphen J.J.M. 1992. Recognition of individual-specific marked parasitized hosts by the solitary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi. Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology, 30:77-82.

42- Van Dijken M.J., and Waage J.K. 1987. Self and conspecific superparasitism by the egg parasitoid Trichogramma envanescens. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 30: 77–82.

43- Van Lenteren J.C. 1976. The development of host discrimination and the prevention of superparasitism in the parasitic Pseudocoilu bochei Weld (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 26:1-83.

44- Visser M.E. 1993. Adaptive self-superparasitism and conspecific superparasitism in the solitary parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucolidae). Behavioral Ecology, 4: 22–28.

45- Visser M.E., Van Alphen J.J.M., and Hemerik L. 1992. Adaptive superparasitism and patch time allocation in solitary parasitoids: an ESS model. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61: 93–101.

46- Visser M.E., Van Alphen J.J.M., and Nell H.W. 1990. Adaptive superparasitism and patch time allocation in solitary parasitoids; the influence of the number of parasitoids exploiting a patch. Behaviour, 114:21-36.

47- Völkl W. 1992. Aphids or their parasitoids: who actually benefits from ant attendance? Journal of Animal Ecology, 61:273-281.

48- Völkl W., and Stechmann D.H. 1998. Parasitism of the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) by Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym., Aphidiidae): the influence of host plant and habitat. Journal of Applied Entomology, 122(5):201-206.

49- Waag J.K. 1986. Family planning in parasitoids: adaptive patterns of progeny and sex allocation. Insect Parasitoids (cd. by J. K. Waage and D. Greathead), pp. 63-95, Academic Press, London.

50- Waage J.K., and Godfray H.C.J. 1985. Reproductive strategies and population ecology of insects parasitoids. In Sibly R. M., and Smith, R. H. (eds.), Behavioural Ecology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 449–470.

51- Wajnberg E., Curty C., and Colazza S. 2004. Genetic variation in the mechanisms of direct mutual interference in a parasitic wasp: consequences in terms of patch-time allocation. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73:1179–1189.

52- Weisser W.W., and Houston A.I. 1993. Host discrimination in parasitic wasps: when is it advantageous? Functional Ecology, 7: 27–39.

53- Wigglesworth V.B. 1959. Insect blood cells. Annual Review of Entomology, 4: 1-16.

54- Yamada Y.Y., and Kazuma S. 2003. Evidence for adaptive selfsuperparasitism in the dryinid parasitoid Haplogonatopus atratus when conspecifics are present. Oikos, 103:173.