اثر ریزوباکترهای محرک رشد گیاه بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی سیر (Allium sativum L.) در شرایط استفاده از کودهای آلی و شیمیایی مختلف

علوم باغبانی

مقاله 2، دوره 31، شماره 4، اسفند 1396، صفحه 722-738   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jhorts4.v31i4.60566

نویسندگان

یاسر اسماعیلیان؛ محمد بهزاد امیری^* ؛ صادق عسکری نائینی؛ جلیل مرادی صدر؛ فرهاد حیدری

مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد

چکیده

در سال‎های اخیر، توجه به سلامت محصولات کشاورزی و به‎ویژه گیاهان دارویی بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته و از این رو کاربرد نهاده‎های بوم‎سازگار در تولید این گیاهان امری اجتناب‎ناپذیر است. به‌منظور بررسی اثر کاربرد همزمان کودهای زیستی و کودهای آلی و شیمیایی مختلف بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی سیر (Allium sativum L.)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 95-1394 در مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد به صورت کرت‎های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه‌ی بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. کودهای آلی و شیمیایی مختلف شامل 1- ورمی‌کمپوست، 2- کود گاوی، 3- کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم و 4- شاهد (عدم‎ کاربرد کود) به‎عنوان عامل اصلی و ریزوباکترهای محرک رشد گیاه شامل 1- نیتروکسین (حاوی باکتری‌های Azotobacter spp. و Azospirillum spp.، با C/ml 108=CFU در زمان تولید کود)، 2- بیوفسفر (حاوی باکتری‌های Bacillus sp. و Pseudomonas sp.، با C/ml 107=CFU در زمان تولید کود) و 3- شاهد (عدم‎ کاربرد کود) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی مدنظر قرار گرفتند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که کاربرد جداگانه‎ی کود شیمیایی تأثیر چندانی در بهبود قطر سوخ نداشت، ولی استفاده‎ی همزمان از کود شیمیایی و بیوفسفر منجر به افزایش 18 درصدی قطر سوخ نسبت به شاهد شد. کاربرد همزمان نیتروکسین و کود گاوی وزن سوخک در بوته را 41 درصد نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه‎ی نیتروکسین افزایش داد. کاربرد بیوفسفر به همراه کودهای ورمی‎کمپوست، گاوی و شیمیایی به‎ترتیب افزایش 25، 18 و 15 درصدی عملکرد زیستی را نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه‎ی این کود سبب شد. بیشترین عملکرد اقتصادی (5158 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار کاربرد همزمان نیتروکسین و کود گاوی حاصل شد. به‎طور کلی با توجه به یافته‎های این پژوهش، با کاربرد همزمان کودهای آلی و بیولوژیک می‎توان ضمن تشدید اثرات مثبت کاربرد جداگانه‎ی هر یک از این کودها، خسارات زیست‎محیطی ناشی از مصرف کودهای شیمیایی را کاهش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بوم‎سازگار؛ بیوفسفر؛ سلامت محصول؛ عملکرد زیستی؛ نیتروکسین

مراجع

1- Abdul Jaleel C., Manivannan P., Sankar B., Kishorekumar A., Gopi R., Somasundaram R., and Panneerselvam R. 2007. Pseudomonas fluorescens enhances biomass yield and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus under water deficit stress. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 60:7–11.

2- Abera T., Feyissa D., and Yusuf H. 2005. Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on grain yield of maize climbing bean intercropping and soil fertility in Western Oromiya, Ethiopia. Conference on International Agriculture Research for Development. Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Pp: 1-9.

3- Agha Alikhani M., Iranpour A., and Naghdi Badi H. 2013. Changes in agronomical and phytochemical yield of purple coneflower (Echinaceae purpurea (L.) Moench) under urea and three biofertilizers application. The Journal of Medical Research, 12: 121-136.

4- Ahmadabadi Z., Ghajar Sepanlou M., and Bahmanyar M.A. 2012. Effect of vermicomost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of Borago officinalis. Iranian Journal of Crops Improvement, 13: 1-12. (In Persian with English summary).

5- Ahmadian A., Ghanbari A., and Galavi M. 2006. Effect of animal manure on quantitative and qualitative yield and chemical composition of essential oil in cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 4: 1-10. (In Persian with English summary).

6- Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A., and Khanuja S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36: 1737-1746.

7- Artursson V., Finlay R.D., and Jansson J.K. 2006. Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria and their potential for stimulating plant growth. Environmental Microbiology, 8: 1–10.

8- Arun K.S. 2002. A Handbook of Organic Farming Pub. Agrobios, India.

9- Atiyeh R.M., Subler S., Edwards C.A., Bachman G., Metzger J.D., and Shuster W. 2000. Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44:579–590.

10- Atiyeh R.M., Edwards C.A., Sulber S., and Metzger J.D. 2001. Pigmanure vermin compost as component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: effect on physiochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresurces Technology, 78:11-20.

11- Azizi M., Razavi M., Hasanzadeh Khayyat M.H., Lakzian A., and Neamati H. 2009. Effect of various levels of vermicompost and irrigation on morphologic characteristic of Matricaria recutita Var. Goral. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 24: 82-93. (In Persian with English summary).

12- Azeez J.O., Van Averbeke W., and Okorogbona A.O.M. 2010. Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology, 101: 2499–2505.

13- Azzaz N.A., Hassan E., and Hamad E.H. 2009. The chemical constituent and vegetative and yielding characteristics of fennel plants treated with organic and bio-fertilizer instead of mineral fertilizer. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3: 579-587.

14- Brussard L., and Ferrera-Cenato R. 1997. Soil Ecology in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. New York: Lewis publishers, U.S.A, 168p.

15- Copetta A., Lingua G., and Berta G. 2006. Effects of three AM fungi on growth, distribution of glandular hairs, and essential oil peoduction in Ocimum basilicum L. var. Genovese. Mycorrhiza, 16: 485-494.

16- Darzi M.T., Ghalavand A., Rejali F., and Sefidkon F. 2006. Effects of biofertilizers application on yield and yield components in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22: 278-292. (In Persian with English summary).

17- Darzi M.T., Haj Seyyed Mohammad Hadi M.R., and Rejali F. 2012. Effect of cattle manure and biofertilizers on biomass yield, seed yield and oil content of Coriandrum sativum. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 11: 77-91. (Persian with English Summary).

18- Delate K. 2000. Heenah mahyah student from herb trail. Leopold center for sustainable agriculture. Annual Reports, Jowa State University. Ames, IA.

19- Egamberdiyeva D. 2005. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from a Calcisol in a semi-arid region of Uzbekistan: Biochemical characterization and effectiveness. Journal of the Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168: 94–99.

20- Eghball B., Binford G.D., Power J.F., and Anderson F.D. 1995. Maize temporal yield variability under long term manure and fertilizer application: Fractal analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59: 1360-1364.

21- Elgendy S.A., Hosni A.M., Omer E.A., and Reham M.S. 2001. Variation in herbage yield, essential oil yield and oil composition on sweet basil (Ocimum bacilicum) grown organically in newly reclaimed and in Egypt. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Science, 9: 915-933.

22- Fallahi J., Koocheki A., and Rezvani Moghaddam P. 2008. Investigating the effects of organic fertilizers on quantity index and the amount of essential oil and chamazulene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Iranian Journal of Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture, 8: 157-168. (In Persian with English summary).

23- Fatma A.G., Lobna A.M., and Osman N.M. 2008. Effect of compost and biofertilizers on growth, yield and essential Oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) Plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 10: 381–387.

24- Gharib F.A., Moussa L.A., and Massoud O.N. 2008. Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agricultura and Biology, 10: 381–387.

25- Ghasemi A. 2009. Medicinal and aromatic plants, identifying and studying their effects. Publications of Islamic Azad University, Shahrkord. (Persian with English Summary).

26- Gholami A., Biari A., and Nezarat S. 2009. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on germination, seedling growth and yield of maize. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 49: 19-24.

27- Girish N., and Umesha S. 2005. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on bacterial canker of tomato. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 38: 235-243.

28- Golmohammadzadeh S., Ghanbari S., Hisseini Valiki S.R., and Hasannia H. 2015. Impact of verimicompost and chemical fertilizer on yield, growth and essential oil of garlic (Allium sativum L.). International Journal of Life Science, 9: 44-48.

29- Hoseini Mazinani S.M., and Hadipoor A. 2014. Improve the quality and quantity of Calendula officinalis L. via biofertilizers application. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 13: 83-93. (Persian with English Summary).

30- Jahan M., Amiri M. B., Aghhavani Shajari M., and Tahami M.K. 2013. Quantity and quality of cucurbita pepo L. as affected by winter cover crops (Lathyrus sativus and Trifolium resopinatum), PGPRs and organic manures. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11: 337-357. (In Persian with English summary).

31- Jahan M., Amiri M.B., and Ehyaee H.R. 2013. The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sesamum indicum L. with application of cover crops of Lathyrus sp. And Persian clover (Trifolium respinatum L.). Agroecology, 5: 1-15. (Persian with English summary).

32- Kapoor R., Giri B., and Mukerji K.G. 2002. Glomus macrocarpum: potential bioinoculant to improve essential oil quality and concentration in dill (Anethum gravolens L.) and carum (Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18: 459-463.

33- Kapoor R., Giri B., and Mukerji K.G. 2004. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in (Foenicudum vulgare mill.) on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P- fertilizer. Bioresource Technology, 93: 307-311.

34- Kapoor R., Chaudhary V., and Bhatnagar A.K. 2007. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L. Mycrrhiza, 17: 581- 587.

35- Khandan A., Astaraee A., Nassiri Mahallati M., and Fotovvat A. 2004. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and yield components of Plantago ovata Forsk. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 3: 245-253. (In Persian with English summary).

36- Kızılkaya R. 2008. Yield response and nitrogen concentrations of springwheat (Triticum aestivum) inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Ecological Engineering, 33:150–156.

37- Koocheki A., Amirmoradi Sh., Shabahang J., and Kalantari Khandani S. 2013. Effect of organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Plantago ovata Forssk., Alyssum homolocarpum L., Lepidium perfoilatum L., and Lalementia iberica L. Agroecology, 5: 16-26. (In Persian with English summary).

38- Manaffee W.F., and Kloepper J.W. 1994. Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sustainable agriculture. In: “Soil biota management in sustainable farming systems”. CSIRO, Pub. East Melbourne, Australia. pp: 23-31.

39- Massoud O.N., Afifi M.M.I., El-Akshar Y.S., and El-Sayed G.A.M. 2013. Impact of biofertilizers and humic acid on the growth and yield of wheat grown in reclaimed sandy soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological, 9: 104-113.

40- Padmavathiamma P.K., Li L.Y., and Kumari U.R. 2008. An experimental study of vermin-biowaste composting for agriculture soil improvement. Bioresource Technology, 99: 1672-1681.

41- Rezaee M., and Baradaran R. 2011. Effects of biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29: 635-650. (In Persian with English summary).

42- Rezvani Moghaddam P., Aminghafuri A., Bakhshaee S., and Jafari L. 2013. Evaluation of effect of biofetilizer and organic fertilizer on some quantitative characteristics and amount of oil of Satureja hortensis L. Agroecology, 5: 105-112. (In Persian with English summary).

43- Rezvani Moghaddam P., Amiri M.B., and Ehyaee H.R. 2015. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 13: 34-42. (Persian with English summary).

44- Richter J., Stutzer M., and Schellenberg I. 2005. Effects of mycorrhization on the essential oil content and composition of aroma components of marjoram (Marjorana hortensis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and caraway (Carum carvi L.). 36th International Symposium on Essential Oils, 4-7 September, Budapest, Hungary.

45- Sahin F., Cakmakci R., and Kantar F. 2004. Sugar beet and barley yields in relation to inoculation with N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Plant and Soil, 265: 123–129.

46- Sanches Govin E., Rodrigues Gonzales H., and Carballo Guerra C. 2005. Ifluencia de los abonos organicos y biofertilizantes en la calidad de las especies medicinales calendula officinalis L. y Matricaria recutita L. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, 10: 1.

47- Sangwan P., Kaushik C.P., and Garg V.K. 2008. Feasibility of utilization of horse dung spiked filter cake in vermicomposters using exotic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology, 99: 2442-2448.

48- Senula A., and Keller R.J. 2000. Morphological characterization of a garlic core collection and establishment of a virus-free in vitro genebank. Allium Improvement Newsletter, 10: 3–5.

49- Shaalan M.N. 2005. Effect of compost and different sources of biofertilizers, on borage plants (Borago officinalis). Egypt Journal of Agriculture Research, 83: 271.

50- Sharma V., Sharma A., and Kansal L. 2010. The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48: 928–936.

51- Tang X., and Cronin D.A. 2007. The effects of brined onion extracts on lipid oxidation and sensory quality in refrigerated cooked Turkey breast rolls during storage. Food Chemistry, 100: 712−718.

52- Vessey J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizer. Plant and Soil, 255: 571–586.

53- Vestberg M., Saari K., Kukkonen S., and Hurme T. 2005. Mycotrophy of crops in rotation and soil amendment with peat influence the abundance and effectiveness of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field soil. Mycorrhiza, 15: 447-458.

54- Vivas A., Barea J.M., Biro B., and Azcon R. 2006. Effectiveness of autochthonous bacterium and mycorrhizal fungus of trifolium growth, symbiotic development and soil enzymatic activities in Zn contaminated soil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 587-598.

55- Yadegari M., Asadirahmani H., Noormohammadi G., and Ayneband A. 2010. Plant growth promoting rhzobacteria increase growth, yield and nitrogen fixation in Phaseolis vulgaris. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33: 1733-1743.