ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L.) در خراسان جنوبی

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 8، دوره 10، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 35، فروردین 1397، صفحه 281-298   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jag.v10i1.60850

نویسندگان

سید محمد جعفر اصفهانی¹؛ کریم نادری مهدیی^{* 2}؛ حشمت اله سعدی³؛ آرش دوراندیش⁴

¹گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران ، ایران

²دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

³گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بو علی سینا همدان، ایران

⁴گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L.) در استان خراسان جنوبی انجام شده است. برای این منظور از رویکرد ارزیابی چرخه حیات (LCA) استفاده و برای ارائه نتایج کاربردی‌تر و همچنین تخمین ظرفیت کاهش اثرات زیست محیطی با تکنیک تحلیل فراگیر داده‌ها ترکیب شد. اطلاعات مورد نیاز با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه رو در رو با کشاورزان و کارشناسان کشاورزی گردآوری و با استفاده از بسته نرم‌افزاری DEAP2.1 , Simapro7 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. اثرات زیست‌محیطی برای تولید یک تن ذرت علوفه‌ای و با استفاده از روش IMPACT 2002+ که 15 شاخص اثر میانی و چهار شاخص اثر پایانی را شامل می‌شود، ارزیابی شد. نتایج کارایی نشان داد میانگین کارایی فنی و کارایی خالص فنی و کارایی مقیاس به‌ترتیب 80/0، 93/0 و 86/0 است. نتایج ارزیابی چرخه حیات نشان داد بیشترین بار محیطی در کشت ذرت علوفه-ای مربوط به شاخص مواد آلی غیر تنفسی و پس از آن شاخص‌های اثر گرمایش جهانی، انرژی تجدیدناپذیر و مواد سرطان‌زا در رده‌های بعد قرار دارند. ارزیابی طبقات آسیب نشان داد که بیشترین تأثیر بر روی شاخص سلامتی انسان بوده و شاخص تغییرات اقلیم و منابع در رده‌های بعدی قرار دارند. نتایج‌ شاخص‌های اثر در صورتی‌که واحد‌های ناکارا با اصلاح الگوی مصرف خود را به مرز کارایی برسانند، بین 28/3 درصد (اثر مواد سرطان‌زا) تا 25/28 (مسمومیت خاکی) درصد کاهش خواهند یافت. شاخص‌های اثر استخراج مواد معدنی با 01/25 درصد کاهش و اشغال زمین و امواج یونیزه کننده با 81/20 درصد پس از شاخص اثر مواد سرطان‌زا بیشترین میزان کاهش را نشان دادند. همچنین در بین نهاده های تولید الکتریسیته، کود حیوانی و انتشارات دورن سیستمی مهمترین نقش را در تأثیرات زیست محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای در منطقه داشتند. اصلاح نظام آبیاری و سیستم پمپاژ آب به منظور کاهش مصرف آب و الکتریسیته و همچنین ترغیب و آگاهی بخشی به کشاوزان در جهت استفاده بهینه از کودهای شیمیایی و استفاده از کود سبز به جای سایر کودها به منظور کاهش اثرات زیست محیطی تولید ذرت علوفه‌ای در منطقه توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ارزیابی چرخه حیات؛ تحلیل پوششی داده‌ها؛ طبقات آسیب

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