اثر اسیدهیومیک و اسیدفولویک بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیک گیاه شمعدانی (Plargonium spp.)

علوم باغبانی

مقاله 3، دوره 32، شماره 1، بهار 1397، صفحه 35-50  

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jhorts4.v31i3.57849

نویسندگان

رسول عباس زاده فاروجی؛ محمود شور ؛ علی تهرانی فر؛ بهرام عابدی؛ نسیم صفری

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

گیاهان زینتی امروزه علاوه بر رفع نیازهای روحی و روانی، از لحاظ اقتصادی نیز در بازارهای جهانی خودنمایی می‌کنند. تولید مطلوب محصولات کشاورزی نیازمند به خاک مناسب و عناصر غذایی کافی و قابل جذب برای گیاه است. مواد آلی نقش مهمی در بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی خاک و باروری خاک دارند. به منظور بررسی تاثیر مواد هیومیکی بر روی گیاه زینتی شمعدانی، آزمایشی در محل گلخانه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در طی سال‌های 1393-1394 انجام گرفت. تحقیق به ‌صورت فاکتوریل 4×4 بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. عامل اول اسیدهیومیک و عامل دوم اسید فولویک هر در چهار سطح (0، 2/0، 5/0و 1 گرم بر لیتربودند. صفات مورفولوژیک گیاه شامل تعداد برگ، تعداد گره، تعداد شاخه فرعی، ارتفاع شاخه اصلی، ارتفاع گیاه، طول ریشه، سطح برگ، وزن‌تر اندام‌های هوایی، وزن تر ریشه، طول ریشه، حجم ریشه، حجم اندام‌ هوایی وزن خشک ریشه، وزن خشک اندام هوایی و نسبت اندام هوایی به ریشه اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد ترکیبی اسیدهیومیک و اسیدفولویک سبب بهبود اکثر صفات مورفولوژیک اندازه‌گیری شده گردید، به طوریکه بیشترین ارتفاع (75/41 سانتی‌متر)، وزن‌تر اندام هوایی (83/94 گرم)، وزن خشک اندام هوایی (71/20 گرم)، وزن تر ریشه (40/16 گرم)، سطح برگ (27/60 سانتی‌متر مربع)، طول ریشه (16/45 سانتی‌متر) و حجم ریشه (33/15 سانتی‌متر مکعب) در /تیمار ترکیبی اسیدهیومیک و اسیدفولویک حاصل شد. کمترین ارتفاع، وزن تر اندام هوایی، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، وزن تر ریشه، سطح برگ، طول ریشه، حجم ریشه به ترتیب 75/20 سانتی‌متر، 49/36 گرم، 78/5 گرم، 75/4 گرم، 60/29 سانتی‌متر مربع، 88/25 سانتی‌متر، 00/4 سانتی‌متر مکعب ثبت شد. همچنین تعداد برگ گیاه تحت تاثیر کاربرد اسیدهیومیک و اسیدفولیک قرار گرفت و کمترین تعداد برگ (16/14 عدد) در تیمار شاهد ثبت شد. به طور کلی کاربرد مواد هیومیکی (اسیدهیومیک و اسیدفولویک) سبب بهبود صفات رشدی گیاه شد، این درحالی است که تیمار ترکیبی این دو تاثیر مشهودتری نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه هر کود داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

سطح برگ؛ گیاهان زینتی؛ مواد آلی؛ وزن خشک

مراجع

1- Aghakhani Z., Azizi M., and Aroui H. 1393. The effect of Bio- Phosphorus and different levels of humic acid on growth and oil of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.). ferdowsi university of mashhad. MSc thesis.

2- Ahmad I., Saquib R.U., Qasim M., Saleem M., Khan A., and Yaseen M. 2013. Humic acid and cultivar effects on growth, yield, vase life, and corm characteristics of gladiolus. Chılean Journal Of Agricultural Research, 73(4).

3- Albayrak S and Camas N. 2005. Effect of different levels and application times of humic acid on root and leaf yield and yield component of forage turpin. Journal of Agronomy, 42: 130-133.

4- Ali A., Rehman S.U., Raza S., and Allah S.U. 2014. Combined Effect of Humic Acid and NPK on Growth and Flower Development of Tulipa gesneriana in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 4(4): 39-48.

5- Amani Beni M., Hatamzadeh A., Nikbakht A., Ghasemnezhad M., and Zarchini M. 2013. Improving Physiological Quality of Cut Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa cv. Single) Flowers by Continues Treatment with Humic Acid and Nano-Silver Particles. Journal of Ornamental Plants (Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants), 3 (3): 133-141.

6- Arancon N.Q., Edwards C.A., Atiyeh R.M., and Metzger J.D. 2004. Effect of vermicomposts produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Brioresource Technology, 93: 139-143.

7- Astaraei A.R and Ivani R. 2008. Efect of organic sources as foliar spray and root media on nutrition if cowpea plant. Ame-Eurasian. J. Agric Environ, Sci, 3(3): 352-356.

8- Ayas H., and Gulser F. 2005. The effect of sulfur and humic acid on yield components and macronutrient contents of spinach. Journal of biological sciences, 5 (6): 801- 804.

9- Basbag S. 2008. Effects of humic acid application on yield and quality of cotton (Gossybium hrisutum L.). Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20: 1961- 1966.

10- Chamani A., Esmailpoor B., Poor birami Hir Y., Maleki lajayer H., and saadati A. 1391. Effects of humic acid on the vase life of flowers Lstrvmya thidiazouron and Knyambh figure. Journal of Horticultural Science (Agricultural Science and Technology), 26 (2): 147- 152.

11- Chamani E., Joyce D.C., and Reihanytabar A. 2008. Vermicompost effects on the growth and flowering of petunia hybrida ‘Dream Neon Rose’. American Eurasian Journal Agricultural & Environmental Science, 3: 506-512.

12- Chen Y., and Aviad T. 1990. Effect of humic substances on plant growth. In: P. MacCarthy, E.E. Clapp, R.L. Malcoulm and P.R. Bloom (Eds.), Humic substances in soil and crop sciences, Pp: 161-186.

13- Daneshvar Hakimi Meybodi N., Kafi M., Nikbakht A., and Rejali F. 2011. The Effect Of Humic Acid On Some Qualitative And Quantitative Traits Of Speedygreen Turfgrass. Iranian Journal Of Horticultural Sciences (Iranian Journal Of Agricultural Sciences), 42(4): 403-412.

14- Davoodi fard M., Habibi D., and Davoodi fard F. 2012. Effects of salt stress on cell membrane stability, chlorophyll, and yield components in wheat inoculated with PGPR and humic acid. Agronomy Journal, 8(2): 71-86.

15- Delfine S., Tognetti R., Desiderio E., and Alvino A. 2005. Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat. Agron. Sustain, 25: 183-191.

16- Dolatian N., Lekzian A., Fatoot A., and Tehrani far A. 2013. The effect of humic acid on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberry var. Selva under greenhouse conditions. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Msc Thesis.

17- Dudley J.B., Pertuit A.J., and Toler J. E. 2004. Leonardite ınfluences zinnia and marigold growth. Hort Science, 39: 251-255.

18- Esringü A., Sezen I., Aytatli B., and Ercişli S. 2015. Effect of humic and fulvic acid application on growth parameters in Impatiens walleriana L. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 4(1): 37-42.

19- Eyheraguibel B., Silvestre J., and Morard P. 2008. Effects of humic substances derived from organic waste enhancement on the growth and mineral nutrition of maize. Bioresource Technology, 99(10): 4206-4212.

20- Falah ghaza ani M., Habibi M., Pazaki A.R., and KHavazi K. 2012. The effect of some strains of A. chroococcum and humic acid on auxin production, and yield and yield components of wheat in different levels of nitrogen. Agronomy Journal, 8(2): 97-109.

21- Fan H.M., Wang X.W., and Sun X. 2014. Effects of humic acid derived from sediments on growth, photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure in chrysanthemum. Scientia Horticulturae, 177: 118-123.

22- Farazande A.R., Bani M., and Fazeli F. 2012. Studying the effects of humic acid and sowing date on growth and seed of corn. The Sixth National Conference on new ideas in agriculture. Branch. Islamic Azad University.

23- Farjami A.A., and Nabavi kalat S.M. 2014. Effect of Humic Acid and Phosphorus on the Quantity and Quality of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 7(4): 443-452.

24- Ferghani A., and Javanmard A. 2005. The effect of different additives on the amount of humic and fulvic acids in different soils. Ninth Congress of Soil Science. Karaj.

25- Fernandez–Escobar R., Benlloch M., Barranco D., Duenas A., and Guterrez Ganan J.A. 1996. Response of olive trees to foliar application of humic substance extracted from leonardite. Scintia Horticulturae, 66: 191-200.

26- Ghasemi ghahsareh M and Kafi M. 2010. Scientific and practical floriculture. V.1. 310 p.

27- Ghasemi A., Tavakolo M.R., and Zabihi, H.R. 2012. Effect of nitrogen, potassium and humic acid on growth and uptake of nitrogen and potassium in mini-tubers of potato under greenhouse conditions. Agronomy Journal. 8(1): 97-109.

28- Ghasemi M., Kashefi B., and Matlabi A. 2013. Mitigating salt stress in plants by using the effect of humic acid. Passive defense in the agricultural sector. Qeshm Island.

29- Gholami H., Samavat S., and Ardebili Z.O. 2013. The alleviating effects of humic substances on photosynthesis and yield of Plantago ovate in salinity conditions. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 4: 1683-1686.

30- Ghorbani S., KHazai H.R., Kafi M., and Bonayan aval, M. 2010. Effect of different levels of humic acid in irrigation water and spray on growth, yield, yield components and quality of forage maize (Zea mays L.). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Msc Thesis.

31- Gulser F., Sonmez F., and Boysan, S. 2010. Effects of calcium nitrate and humic acid on pepper seedlinggrowth under saline condition. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31(5) 873-87.

32- Güneş A., Salman A., Avcıoğ lu R., and Çakar H. 2009. Effect of different rate of compozed fertilizers with humic acid treatments on the growth and development characteristics of rose cuttings. Journal Anadolu. 19 (2): 73-84.

33- Haghparast R., Zangane Sh., and Rajabi R. 1390. Humic and fulvic acid treatments on germination of wheat seeds under drought stress. The Sixth National Conference on new ideas in agriculture. Branch. March 1390. Islamic Azad University.

34- Harper S.M., Kerven, G.L., Edwards, D.G., and Ostatek Boczyski, Z. 2000. Characterizyion on fulvic and humic acids from leaves of eucalyptus comaldulensis and from decomposed hey. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32: 1331-1336

35- Hoseeni A., and Kavoosi B. 2014. Effect of vermicompost and humic acid on growth indices of hybrid tomato seedling SUN 6189. The first national congress on biology and natural sciences.

36- Jack A. H., and Evans M. R. 2000. Humic acid seed and substrate treatments promote seedling Root Development. Hort Science, 35: 1231–1233.

37- Jamshideyni M., Khazai K.R., and Kafi M. 1391. Study the effect of humic and different levels of phosphorus on root growth, shoot and bomb and leading yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Ferdowsi university of mashhad. MSc thesis.

38- Jing-min Z., Shang-jun X., Mao-peng S., Bing-yao M., Xiu-mei C., and Chunsheng L. 2010. Effect of Humic Acid on Poplar Physiology and BiochemistryProperties and Growth underDifferent Water Level. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.

39- Kafi M., Lahooti M., Zand A., Sharifinia H., and Goldani M. 1378. Plant Physiology (Translation). Publications University of Mashhad.

40- Kamali M., Shoor M., and Salahvarzi Y. 2012. Studying the effect of salt stress on physio-morphological characteristics of C4 plants of tuberculate (Gomphrena globosa L.) and Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthus tricolor L.) under different levels of carbon dioxide. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Msc Thesis.

41- Kauser A., and Azam F. 1985. Effect of humic acid on wheat seeding growth. Environ. Experim. Botany, 25: 245-252.

42- Kelting M., Harris J.R., Fanelli J., and Appleton B. 1998. Biostimulants and soil amendments affect two-year posttransplant growth of red maple and Washington hawthorn, HortScience. 33:819-822.

43- Keshavarzi L., and Chamani E. 2011. Effects Of Hinokitiol, Humic Acid, Sucrose, And Silver Thiosulfate (Sts) As A Short-Time (Pulsing) Treatment On Vase Life Of Cut 'Yelloween' Lily Flowers. Iranian Journal Of Horticultural Sciences (Iranian Journal Of Agricultural Sciences), 42(4): 393-402.

44- Khazai H.R., Nezami A., Eyshi rezai A., Saeednezhad A.H., and Poor amir F. 2012. Assessing the effect of type and concentration of humic material as a pretreatment on germination and seedling characteristics of two cultivars of triticale (Triticosecale hexaploide Lart L.). Journal of Agricultural Ecology, 4(4): 273-281.

45- Khorsand H., and Kavoosi B. 2012. The effect of different levels of nitrogen and humic acid on the vegetative characteristics of the grass meadow fescue (Festuca rubra) in cold region of Boyer Ahmad. The third national conference on agricultural science and food industry. Fasa. Islamic Azad University.

46- Kiyani M., Nabavi kalat S.M., and Klarstaghi K. 1390. Effects of humic acid and phosphorus on growth of roots in German chamomile. The Sixth National Conference on new ideas in agriculture. Branch. March 1390. Islamic Azad University.

47- Li G., and Evens M.R. 2000. Humic acid substrate treatments and foliar spray application effects on root growth and development of seedlings. Hort Science, 35: 434.

48- Liu C., Cooper R.J., and Bowman D.C. 1998. Humic acid application affects photosynthesis, root development and nutrient content of bentgrass. HortScience, 33(6): 1023-1025.

49- Malik K.A., Bhattin A., and Kauser F. 1979. Effect of soil salinity on the decomposition and humification of organic matter by cellulolytic fungi. Mycologia, 719: 811-820.

50- Marcum K.B. 1998. Cell memberance theromotability and whole-plant heat tolerance of Kentucky. Crop sci, 38: 1214-1218.

51- Martin J.A., and Senn T.L .1967 .The Influence of Various Rates of Nitrogen and Humic Acid Derivatives on the Growth and Yield of Greenhouse Tomatoes .S.Carolina Ag .Exp .Sta.Research .Series No .95 .In “ Oxidized Lignites and Extracts from Oxidized Lignites in Agriculture” (Michael Karr.) prof .Soil .Sci.2001.

52- Memon S.A., Bangulzai F.M., Keerio M.İ., Baloch M.A., and Buriri M. 2014. Effect of humic acid and iron sulphate on growth and yield of zinnia (Zinnia elegans). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 10(6).

53- Mishra B and Srivastava L.L. 1988. Physiological properties of has isolated from major soil associations of bihar. Soil. Science, 36: 1-89.

54- Mohamadi M. 2013. Journal of Agriculture (Payam Alkanes), (7-8). 3-5.

55- Mohammadian M., Kafi M., and Nezami A. 2012. Assessing the effects of drought stress and humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological and morphological characteristics of sesame (Sesamum indicum) under Mashhad weather conditions. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. MSc Thesis.

56- Mohammadipour E., Golchin A., Mohammadi J., Negahdar N., and Zarchini M. 2012. Improvement fresh weight and aerial part yield of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) by humic acid. Annals of Biological Research, 3: 5178-5180.

57- Mothaghi D. 2015. Folic Acid and Its Role in Agriculture. Datis Agrochemicals R&D Department.

58- Mustafa P., Türkmen O and Dursun A. 2010. Effects of potassium and humic acid on emergence, growth and nutrient contents of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) seedling under saline soil conditions. Afr. J. Biotech, 9(333): 5343-5346.

59- Naghibi R., Rezvani moghadam P., Ghorbani R., and Balenderi A. 1393. The role of integrated management of organic fertilizers and fertilization on growth indices, growth and seed yield dwarf chicory (Cichorium pumilum jacq.). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. MSc thesis.

60- Nardi S., Pizzeghello D., Muscolo A., and Vianello A. 2002. Physiological effects of humic substances on higher plants. Soil Biological Biochemistry, 34: 1527-1536.

61- Nasiri S., Azizi M., and Aroui H. 2013. Studying the effect of humic acid and yeast (Saccharomyses cerevisiae) on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of European borage (Borago officinalis L.) under two levels of manure. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Mashhad. MSc thesis. In Persian.

62- Natesan R., Kandasamy S., Thiyageshwari S., and Boopathy P.M. 2007. Influence of lignite humic acid on the micronutrient availability and yield of blackgram in an alfisol. Science World Journal, 7: 1198-1206.

63- Nikbakht A., Kafi M., Babalar M., Xia P.Y., Luo A., and Etemadi N., 2015. Effect of humic acid on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and postharvest life of gerbera. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31: 2155–2167.

64- Nsirpoor M., Khosh ghalb H., and Nemati S.H. 2015. Studying the application of humic acid, calcium and boron on the chemical and qualitative characteristics of tomato. Second National Conference on Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering and Management Sustainable Agriculture. Tehran. Shahid Beheshti University. In Persian.

65- Padem H., Ocal A., and Alan R. 1999. Effect of humic acid added foliar fertilizer on quality and nutrient content of eggplant and pepper seedling. ISHS Acta Hort, 491.

66- Pin L., Guang S., and Lin Z. 2011. Effect of humic acid from straw on growth and pest resistance of Salvia splendens. en.cnki.com. cn. doi:cnki:sun:fzsa. 0.2011-03-007.

67- Poorhadi M. 2011. Studying the effect of organic fertilizers on yield and essences of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Quarterly herbal medicines. 2: 137-148.

68- Poozeshi R., Zabihi H.R. RAmzani moghadam, M.R., Rajabzadeh M., and Mokhtari, A. 1390. The effect of foliar application of zinc, humic acid and acetic acid on the yield and concentration of elements in grape varieties Hnasr arrow. Journal of Horticultural Science (Agricultural Science and Technology). 25 (3): 351-360.

69- Rahi A.R., Davoodi fard M., Azizi, F., and Habibi, D. 2012. Studying the effects of different levels of humic acid and response curves in Dactylis glomerata. Agronomy Journal. 8(3): 15-28.

70- Rahi A.R., Farzaneh M.H., Safari dolat abad S., and Azizi F. 2012. Studying the trend of changes in relationship and response curves among morphological traits of Agropyron cristatum and the values are the humic acid fertilizer. Journal of plants and ecosystems, 32: 29-44.

71- Rahi A.R., Mirzayi nadooshan H., Danai M., and Azizi F. 2012. The effect of humic acid on the vegetative growth of Festuca arundinacea. Journal of Research in Iran's grassland and desert, 19(4): 722-736.

72- Rashidi tabar SH., and Tohidi M. 2014. Evaluating the effects of humic acid on yield components of maize under drought conditions in the north of Khuzestan. First National Congress on biology and natural sciences.

73- Reynolds A.G., Wardle D.A., Drought B., and Cantwell R. 1995 .Gro-mate soil amendment improves growth of greenhouse-grown 'Chardonnay' grapevines. Hort. Sci, 30: 539-554.

74- Roohani N.S., Nemati S.H., Moghadam M., and Ardakanian V. 2014. The role of humic acid on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of three varieties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under salt stress. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. MSc Thesis.

75- Roozbehani A., Ghorbani S., Mirzayi M.M., and uruj nia S. 2013. The effect of soil application of humic acid and fluvic acid on yield and yield component of barley (Hurdeum vulgare L.). Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 9(2):25-33.

76- Sabzevari S., Khazai H.R., and Kafi M. 2009. The effect of humic acid on root and shoot growth of Sayonez and Sabalan cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Soil and Water (Agricultural Science and Technology), 23(2): 87-94.

77- Sabzevari S., Khazai H.R., and Kafi M. 2010. Effects of humic acid on germination of four varieties of winter wheat (Sayonez and Sabalan) and spring (Chamran and Vanguard). Agricultural Research Journal. 8(3): 473-480.

78- Salehi B., Bagherzade A., Ghasemi M., and Ebrahimi M. 2010. Effect of organic matter of humic acid on the characteristics of growth, yield and yield components of three varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Journal of Agricultural Ecology, 2(4): 640-647.

79- Samavat S. 2007. Assessing the amount of humic acid in different organic matter and the effect of humic acid existed in compost of municipal solid waste on some soil properties. Iranian Soil Science Congress. Karaj.

80- Sanchez–Sanchez A., Sanchez–Anderu J., Juarez M., Jorda J and Bermudez D. 2002. Humic substances and Amino acid improve effectiveness of Chelate FeEDDHA in Lemons trees. J. of Plant Nutrition, 25(11): 2433-2442.

81- Schnitzer M. 1977. Recent ndings of the characterization of humic substances extracted from soils from widely di‌ering climatic zones. Proceedings of the Symposium on Soil Organic Matter Studies, Braunsweig, 131-117.

82- Seyed Jamali Z., Astarai A.R., and Emami H. 2013. The effect of humic acid and compost on the absorbability of some micronutrients in Basil. The first National Congress on medicinal plants and sustainable agriculture. Hamedan. Faculity of shahid Mofateh.

83- Shahsavan Markadeh M., and Chamani E. 2014. Effects Of Various Concentrations And Time Of Humic Acid Application On Quantitative And Qualitative Characteristics Of Cut Stock Flower (Matthiola Incana ‘Hanza’). Journal Of Science And Technology Of Greenhouse Culture, 5(19): 170-175.

84- Sharaf El-Din, M.N., Omaima M.N., Abd El-Kafie .O.M., EL-Bably S.Z., and Aboukamar A.N. 2011. Effect Of Fulvic Acid Extract And Chemical Fertilization On Pancritium maritimum. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ. 2(8): 1037-1045.

85- Sharif M., Khattak R. A., and Sarir M.S. 2002. Effect of different levels of lignitic cool derived humic acid on growth of maize plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 33: 3567-3580.

86- Sladky Z., Tichy V. 1959. Applications of humus substances to overground organs of plants. Biol. Plant, 1: 9-15.

87- Stephan W.K., and Charles W.J. 1994. Experimentation with Arkansas lignite to identify organic soil supplements suitable to regional agricultural needs. Proposal. Arkansas Technology University. Russellville.

88- Tan K.H., and Tantiwiramanond D. 1983. Effect of humic acids on nodulation and dry matter production of soybean, peanut and clover. Soil Sci, 47:1121-1124.

89- Tan K.H.2003. Humic Matter in Soil and the Environment. Marcel Dekker, New York.

90- Taylor G and Cooper L. 2004. Humic acid: The root to healthy plant growth. California State Science Fair, 1610.

91- Türkmen Ö., Dursun A., Turan M., and Erdinç Ç. 2004. Calcium and humic acid affect seed germination, growth, and nutrient content of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlingsunder saline soil conditionspp. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica, 7:168-174.

92- Young C.C., and Chen L.F. 1997. Polyamines in humic acid and their effect on radical growth of lettuce seedling. Plant and Soil, 195: 143-149.

93- Zhang L., Sun X.Y., Tian Y., and Gong X.G. 2014. Biochar and humic acid amendments improve the quality of composted green waste as a growth medium for the ornamental plant Calathea insignis. Scientia Horticulturae, 176:70–78.