تأثیر مالچ‌های آلی و غیرآلی بر تغییرات رطوبت، دمای خاک، هدایت ‌روزنه‌ای و دمای برگ درختان پسته (Pistacia vera L.) در اقلیم خشک و نیمه خشک

علوم باغبانی

مقاله 4، دوره 32، شماره 1، خرداد 1397، صفحه 75-91   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jhorts4.v32i1.60458

نویسندگان

مینا نورزاده نامقی¹؛ غلامحسین داوری نژاد^{* 1}؛ حسین انصاری¹؛ سید حسین نعمتی²؛ احمد زارع فیض آبادی³

¹دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

²فردوسی مشهد

³مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، مشهد

چکیده

کاربرد انواع مالچ به عنوان یکی از روش‌های مدیریت خاک می‌تواند به طور قابل توجهی میزان تولید محصولات کشاورزی را در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک که با محدودیت منابع آب مواجه هستند تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. به همین منظور آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در دو سال 1393 و 1394 در غرب شهر فیض‌آباد، استان خراسان رضوی بر روی دما، رطوبت خاک، هدایت روزنه‌ای و دمای برگ درختان پسته انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل: M1 (پوشش پلی‌اتیلن سفید زیر خاک با برش عرضی)، M2 (پوشش پلی‌اتیلن سفید زیر خاک با برش دایره‌ای)، M3 (پوشش پلی‌اتیلن UV‌ دار بر روی سطح خاک)، M4 (چیپس چوب)، M5(بقایای جو) و CK(شاهد) بود. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین درصد رطوبت خاک در طول دو سال آزمایش در کلیه مالچ‌ها به‌ویژه مالچ‌های پلاستیکی در مقایسه با شاهد بیشتر بود. در دو سال آزمایش در لایه 30-20 سانتی‌متری خاک، مالچ-های M1، M2 و M3 با 2/35، 35 و 9/38 درجه‌سانتی‌گراد بیشترین و مالچ‌های M4، M5 و CK با 8/28، 6/29 و 8/32 درجه‌سانتی‌گراد کمترین میانگین دمای خاک را نشان دادند و در لایه 60-50 سانتی‌متری خاک نیز نتایج مشابهی مشاهده گردید. همبستگی صفات نشان داد که هدایت روزنه‌ای و دمای برگ به طور قابل توجهی تحت تأثیر دمای خاک قرار می‌گیرند، به‌طوری‌که افزایش دمای خاک تا 40 درجه سانتی‌گراد، در صورتی که سایر فاکتورهای خاکی و آب و هوایی محدودکننده نباشند، باعث بهبود این صفات می‌شود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که تیمار M3 با وجود حفظ ذخیره رطوبت بالاتر به علت ایجاد دمای بالا در خاک و همچنین تقاضای بالای درختان برای جذب آب و عناصر غذایی در سال پرمحصول (1394) می‌تواند منجر به ایجاد تنش رطوبتی در خاک شود. از این‌رو می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که تیمارهای پلی‌اتیلن سفید به‌ویژه مالچ با برش دایره‌ای (M2) و مالچ‌های چیپس چوب و کاه و کلش جو به علت ایجاد دمای مطلوب برای رشد ریشه، حفظ ذخیره آب و هزینه کمتر گزینه‌های بهتری برای مدیریت آب در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک با آبیاری سنتی و غرقابی می‌باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تبادلات گازی؛ مالچ چیپس چوب؛ مالچ پلاستیکی؛ مالچ کاه و کلش؛ مدیریت آب و خاک

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