Optimization of Celery Seed Essential Oil Extraction and its Antioxidant Activity Using Response Surface Methodology and Ultrasound-Assisted

علوم باغبانی

Article 8, Volume 32, Issue 1, July 2018, Pages 171-183   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jhorts4.v32i1.65721

Authors

Fatemeh Salimi^{* 1}; Mohammad Fattahi¹; Javad Hamzei²

¹Urmia University

²Bu-Ali Sina University

Abstract

Introduction: Medicinal plants contain antioxidant compounds are benefits to human health and celery as a medicinal plant, is rich in antioxidant. Celery (Apiumgraveolens L.) seed has a lot of essential oil (EO) and this EOs has long been used for fragrance industries, spice, pharmacological and cure diseases. EO for celery seeds is 1.5-3% (v/w). Although a number of methods are applied for the acquisition of essential oils, the most frequently used method is steam distillation. Among EO extraction methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an inexpensive, simple, and efficient extraction technique. This is most likely due to the intensification of mass transport and to the facilitation of solvent penetration into plant tissues which are damaged by the ultrasounds. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a powerful mathematical model with a collection of statistical techniques where in, interactions between multiple process variables can be identified with fewer experimental trials. It is widely used to examine and optimize the operational variables for experiment designing, model developing and factors and condition optimization. Antioxidants deactivate free radicals before they can damage to the bimolecular cells structure. In the present study, to find effective antioxidant constitutes of EO, antioxidant activity were determined using DPPH scavenging assay and FRAP methods.
Materials and Methods: In this research, the effect of seed to water ratio (X1), ultrasonic time (X2), and extraction time (X3) on essential oil extraction (v/w) from wild celery seeds were evaluated by the following equations. Antioxidant activity ofEO was measured via two methods of FRAP, and %DPPH30min.

%EO (v/w) = 1.200000 + 0.075000 X1 -0.300000X2 + 0.875000X3 + 0.725000X12 – 0.825000X22 + 0.725000X32+ 0.300000X1X2 – 0.150000X1X3 + 0.300000X2X3
%DPPH30min = 60.4136 + 6.3782 X1 -22.7935X2 + 3.7569X3 – 8.0662X12 – 45.5443X22 – 13.5193X32- 6.6459X1X2 – 5.8430X1X3 + 21.7333X2X3
FRAP (µMFe+2/50µl EO) = 1432.94+ 166.65 X1 + 166.22X2 + 126.29X3 – 384.48X12 – 1215.25X22 – 322.43X32- 87.85X1X2 + 575.35X1X3 – 219.80X2X3

For optimization of EO extraction conditions, the RSM method was used. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) with three center points was used to study the effects of three independent variables, water to seed ratio (X1), ultrasonic time (X2), and extraction time (X3) on three dependent responses (EO, %DPPH30min, and FRAP). The independent variables were transformed to three levels (−1, 0, 1), and the complete design consisted of 15 experimental runs with three replications of the center points. The following quadratic polynomial model was fitted to the predicted responses of EO, %DPPH30min, and FRAP with changing water to seed ratio (X1 = 375, 500, and 625 ml water to 35g seed); ultrasonic time (X2= 10, 20, and 30 min); and extraction time (X3=1, 2, and 3 h) in extraction samples; Where EO, %DPPH30min, and FRAP stands (Yn) for the predicted responses for X1–X3; b0 is the constant coefficient; b1, b2, and b3 are the linear coefficients; b11, b22, and b33 are the quadratic coefficients; and b12, b13, and b23 are the cross-coefficients. The accuracy of the estimated coefficient was analyzed by ANOVA method and the model accuracy was obtained using the F test at 1 and 5 % by indicating coefficient R2.
Yn = b0 +
Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, the best ratio of treatments (optimized condition) was 35g seed to 625 ml water ratio, ultrasonic time of 20 min, and extraction time of 3h. At this optimization conditions, the ratio of 35g seed/625 ml water, non-using ultrasonic, and extraction time of 3h was used as a control treatment. Under optimized condition, the highest essential oil percentage (v/w) and antioxidant activity with styles of FRAP, and %DPPH30min was obtained 2.33% (v/w), 1513.6µMFe+2/50µl EO and 48.52%, respectively. However, at the control treatment, the highest essential oil percentage (v/w) and antioxidant activity with styles of FRAP, and %DPPH30minwas revealed at 1.45 % (v/w), 1064µMFe+2/50µl EO and 29.30%, respectively. In the study of optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from mulberry, using response surface methodology and also, optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pomegranate seed oil were shown similarity results.
ConclusionsThe values of adjusted R-squared (0.9972, 0.9598, 0.9472) for the equation are reasonably close to 1, indicated a high degree of correlation between the observed and predicted values. Therefore, the experimental values were agreed with those predicted by RSM models, and it suggested that using RSM method foroptimization of extraction condition is suitable. Furthermore, application of ultrasonic technology increased essential oil extraction and its antioxidant activity. In addition, results indicated that the UAE method is a powerful tool for the extraction essential oil from seeds.

Keywords

DPPH; FRAP; Medicinal plant; Ultrasonic frequency; Volatile oil

References

1- Assami K., Pingretc D., Chemat S., Meklatia B.Y., and Chematc F. 2012. Ultrasound induced intensification and selective extraction of essential oil from Carum carvi L. seeds. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 62: 99–105.

2- Benzie I. F., and Strain J. J. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239: 70–76.

3- Bostan A., Razavi S. M. A., and Farhoosh R. 2008. Optimization of extraction process of crude hydrocolloid from wild sage seed (Salvia macrosiphon) and evaluation of its time-independent rheological properties. MSc thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)

4- Burits M., and Bucar F. 2000. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 14:323–328.

5- Cravotto G., Boffa L., Mantegna S., Perego P., Avogadro M., and Cintas P. 2008. Improved extraction of vegetable oils under high intensity ultrasound and/or microwaves. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 15: 202–898.

6- Fattahi M., and Rahimi R. 2016. Optimization of extraction parameters of phenolic antioxidants from leaves of Capparis spinosa using response surface methodology. Food Analytical Methods, 9 (8): 2321–2334.

7- Fazal S. S., and Singla R. K. 2012. Review on the Pharmacognostical and pharmacological characterization of Apium graveolens L. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 (1): 36–42.

8- Flock H. 2005. Medicinal Plants. PP: 264.

9- Galadima M. S., Ahmed A. S., Olawale A. S., and Bugaje I. M. 2012. Optimization of steam distillation of essential oil of Eucalyptus tereticornis by response surface methodology. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 20 (4): 368–372.

10- Ghafoor K., Choi Y. H., Jeon J. Y., and Jo I. H. 2009. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, and anthocyanins from grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 57: 4988–4994.

11- Hardlei T. F., Morkbak A. L., and Nexo E. 2007. Enzymatic extraction of cobalamin from monoclonal antibody captured haptocorrin and transcobalamin. Clinical Biochemistry, 40: 1392–1397.

12- Hossain M. B., Brunton N. P., Patras A., Tiwari B., O’Donnell C. P., Martin-Diana A. B., and Barry-Ryan C. 2012. Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) using response surface methodology. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 19: 582–590.

13- Hossain M. B., Barry-Ryan C., Martin-Diana A. B., and Brunton N. P. 2011. Optimisation of accelerated solvent extraction of antioxidant compounds from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) using response surface methodology. Food Chemistry, 126: 339–346.

14- Jabarouty A., and Ghofrani A. 2015. Introduction to response surface methodology. Fourth National Conference on Innovative Technologies Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, December 15, Iran, Tehran.

15- Kaneko T., Tahara S., and Takayabashi F. 2007. Inhibitory effect of natural coumarin compounds, esculetin and esculin, on oxidative DNA damage and formation of aberrant crypt foci and tumors induced by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine in rat colons. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 30: 2052–2057.

16- Kimbaris A. C., Siatis N. G., Daferera D. J., Tarantilis P. A., Pappas C. S., and Polissiou M. G. 2006. Comparison of distillation and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the isolation of sensitive aroma compounds from garlic (Allium sativum). Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 13: 54–60.

17- Koocheki A., Mortazavi S. A., Shahidi F., Razavi S. M. A., Kadkhodaee R., and Mohamadzadeh Milani J. 2010. Optimization of mucilage extraction from Qodume Shirazi seed (Alyssum homolocarpum) using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 33: 861–882.

18- Milani E., Hosseini F., Zaerzadeh E., Golimovahhed Q. A., and Tavakkoli A. 2012. Optimization of inulin extraction from burdock tuber by using response surface methodology (RSM). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1 (41): 149–158.

19- Modaresi M. 2012. A comparative analysis of the effects of garlic, elderberry, and black seed extract on the immune system in mice. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11 (4): 458–461.

20- Premkumar G., Sankaranarayanan R., Jeeva S., and Rajarathinam K. 2011. Cytokinin induced shoot regeneration and flowering of Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae)–an ethnomedicinal herb. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1 (3): 169–172.

21- Salar Bashi D., Mortazavi S. A., Rezaei K., Rajaei A., and Karimkhani M. M. 2012. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Yarrow (Achillea beibrestinii) by response surface methodology, Food Science Biotechnology, 21 (4): 1005–1011.

22- Stahl-Biskup E., and Saez, F. 2002. Thyme the genus thymus. NY, NJ: Taylor & Francis.

23- Subhashini N., Thangathirupathi A., and Lavanya N. 2011. Antioxidant activity of Trigonella foenum- graecum using various in vitro and ex vitro models. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3 (2): 96–102.

24- Tan Q. L. P., Kieu X.N.T., Kim N. H. T., and Hong X. N. T. 2012. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) in condition optimization for essential oil production from Citrus latifolia. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 24 (1): 25–30

25- Tyagi S., Dhruv M., Ishita M., Gupta A.K., Usman M.R.M., Nimbiwal B., and Maheshwar R.K. 2013. Medical benefits of Apium graveolens (celery herb). Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics, 1 (5): 36-38.

26- Velickovic D. T., Milenovic D. M., Ristic M. S., and Veljkovic V. B. 2008. Ultrasonic extraction of waste solid residues from the Salvia sp. essential oil hydrodistillation. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 42: 97–104.

27- Wang L., and Weller C. L. 2006. Resent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 17: 300–312.

28- Wu Y., Cui S.W., Tang J., and Gu X. 2007. Optimization of extraction process of crude polysaccharides from boat-fruited sterculia seeds by response surface methodology. Food Chemistry, 105: 1599–1605.

29- Yang H., Li X., Tang Y., Zhang N., Chen J., and Cai B. 2009. Supercritical fluid CO2 extraction and simultaneous determination of eight annonaceous acetogenins in Annona genus plant seeds by HPLC-DAD method. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 49: 140–144.

30- Zou T. B., Wang M., Gan R. Y., and Ling W. H. 2011. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from mulberry, using response surface methodology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12: 3006–3017.