اثرات اوره آهسته ‎رهش و ملاس، بر عملکرد رشد، قابلیت هضم، تخمیر شکمبه‌ای و صفات لاشه گوسفندان پرواری

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

مقاله 1، دوره 11، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 39، مهر 1398، صفحه 273-291   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی - تغذیه نشخوارکنندگان

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijasr.v11i3.70840

نویسندگان

محمدرضا مشایخی¹؛ محسن ساری^{* 2}؛ نعیم عرفانی مجد³؛ مرتضی رضایی⁴

¹دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان

²دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان

³دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

⁴موسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران

چکیده

هدف از انجام این آزمایش بررسی اثرات اوره آهسته رهش (با نام تجاری نیتروزا) در مقایسه با اوره معمولی، با یا بدون افزودن ملاس، بر عملکرد، خصوصیات لاشه، تخمیر شکمبه‌ای و فراسنجه‌های خونی بره‌های پرواری بود. آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار شامل کنترل، دو منبع نیتروژن غیر پروتیینی اوره معمولی (6/1 درصد) و اوره آهسته رهش (8/1 درصد) با یا بدون ملاس (صفر و 20 درصد) و 7 تکرار با استفاده از 35 راس بره نر عربی، به مدت 105 روز انجام شد. جایگزینی اوره معمولی با اوره آهسته رهش و نیز افزودن ملاس به جیر‌ه، در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، موجب ایجاد تغییر در افزایش وزن روزانه، ضریب تبدیل خوراک، وزن نهایی پروار، صفات و وزن قطعات لاشه، فراسنجه‌های رنگ سنجی گوشت و قابلیت هضم‌ مواد مغذی نشد. در جیره‌های حاوی اوره غلظت پروپیونات و نیتروژن آمونیاکی شکمبه، نسبت به جیره کنترل، بالاتر بود. افزودن ملاس به جیره موجب افزایش غلظت بوتیرات و کل اسیدهای چرب فرار شکمبه نسبت به جیره کنترل شد. در تیمار ‌کنترل، pH شکمبه نسبت به تیمار‌های حاوی منابع نیتروژن غیر پروتیینی پایین‌تر بود. همراه شدن ملاس با اوره، باعث کاهش نیتروژن اوره‌ای خون شد. در کل نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که اگرچه جایگزینی اوره معمولی با اوره آهسته رهش و نیز همراه شدن ملاس با آن، در جیره‌های پُرکنسانتره برخی فراسنجه‌های تخمیری شکمبه و متابولیت‌های خونی را تحت تاثیر قرار داد ولی این تغییرات به اندازه‌ای نبود که بتواند بهبودی در عملکرد پروار و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی ایجاد نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اوره آهسته رهش؛ ملاس؛ عملکرد پروار؛ تخمیر شکمبه؛ قابلیت هضم

مراجع

1- Ahmed, M. H, and S. A. Babiker. 2015. Effect of feeding urea-treated sugar-cane bagasse on properties and quality of fresh meat of Sudan Baggara Zebu bulls. International Journal of Animal Biology, 1:45-49.

2- Almora, E. A., G. B. Huntington, and J. C. Burns. 2012. Effects of supplemental urea sources and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation, fiber digestion, and nitrogen balance in beef steers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 171: 136-145.

3- Alves, E. M., D. R. Magalhaes, M. A. Freitas, E. D. J. D. Santos, M. L. A. Pereira, and M. D. S. Pedreira. 2014. Nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis in sheep fed diets containing slow release urea to replace the conventional urea. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, 36: 55-62.

4- Alves, E. M., M. D. S. Pedreira, B. S. Moreira, L. D. R. Freire, T. R. Lima, and C. L. D. Santos-Cruz. 2014. Carcass characteristics of sheep fed diets with slow-release urea replacing conventional urea. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, 36: 303-310.

5- Apple, J. K., J. B. Machete, R. J. Stackhouse, T. M. Johnson, C. A. Keys, and J. W. Yancey. 2014. Color stability and tenderness variations within the gluteus medius from beef top sirloin butts. Meat science, 96: 56-64.

6- Araba, A., F. M. Byers, and F. Guessous. 2002. Patterns of rumen fermentation in bulls fed barley/molasses diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 97: 53–64.

7- Asimwe, L., A. E. Kimambo, G. H. Laswai, L. A. Mtenga, M. R. Weisbjerg, J. Madsen, and D. E. Mushi. 2015. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu cattle finished on molasses or maize grain with rice or maize by-products. Livestock Science, 182: 112-117.

8- Atkinson, R. L., C. D. Toone, T. J. Robinson, D. L. Harmon, and P. A. Ludden. 2007. Effects of supplemental ruminally degradable protein versus increasing amounts of supplemental ruminally undegradable protein on nitrogen retention, apparent digestibility, and nutrient flux across visceral tissues in lambs fed low-quality forage. Journal of animal science, 85: 3331-3339.

9- Baurhoo, B, and A. Mustafa. 2014. Effects of molasses supplementation on performance of lactating cows fed high-alfalfa silage diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 97: 1072-1076.

10- Benavides, M. C, and J. Rodriguez. 1971. Salivary secretion and its contribution to ruminal fluid flow in animals fed on liquid molasses/based diets. Rev. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agricola, 5: 31-40.

11- Benedeti, P. D. B., P. V. R. Paulino, M. I. Marcondes, S. C. Valadares Filho, T. S. Martins, E. F. Lisboa, L. H. P. Silva, C. R. V. Teixeria, and M. S. Duarte. 2014. Soybean meal replaced by slow release urea in finishing diets for beef cattle. Livestock Science, 165: 51-60.

12- Belasco, I. J, 1954. Comparison of urea and protein meals as nitrogen sources for rumen micro-organisms: urea utilization and cellulose digestion. Journal of Animal Science, 13: 739-747.

13- Boughalmi, A, and A. Araba. 2016. Effect of feeding management from grass to concentrate feed on growth, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of Timahdite lamb breed. Small Ruminant Research, 144: 158-163.

14- Bourg, B. M., L. O. Tedeschi, T. A. Wickersham, and J. M. Tricarico. 2012. Effects of a slow release urea product on performance, carcass characteristics, and nitrogen balance of steers fed steam-flaked corn. Journal of Animal Science, 90: 3914-3923.

15- Brito, A. F., H. V. Petit, A. B. D. Pereira, K. J. Soder, and S. Ross. 2015. Interactions of corn meal or molasses with a soybean-sunflower meal mix or flaxseed meal on production, milk fatty acid composition, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows fed grass hay-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 98: 443-457.

16- Broderick, G. A, and J. H. Kang. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63: 64-75.

17- Burroughs, W., D.K. Nelson, and D. R. Mertens, 1975. Evaluation of Protein Nutrition by Metabolizable Protein and Urea Fermentation Potential. Journal of dairy science, 58: 611-619.

18- Calomeni, G. D., R. Gardinal, B. C. Venturelli, J. E. D. Freitas Junior, T. H. A. Vendramini, C. S. Takiya. and F. P. Renno. 2015. Effects of polymer-coated slow-release urea on performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in dairy cows. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 44: 327-334.

19- Chegeni, A., Y. L. Li, K. D. Deng, C. G. Jiang, and Q. Y. Diao. 2013. Effect of dietary polymer-coated urea and sodium bentonite on digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial protein yield in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk. Livestock Science, 157: 141-150.

20- Cherdthong, A., M. Wanapat, and C. Wachirapakorn. 2011. Effects of urea–calcium mixture in concentrate containing high cassava chip on feed intake, rumen fermentation and performance of lactating dairy cows fed on rice straw. Livestock Science, 136: 76-84.

21- DeFrain, J. M., A. R. Hippen, K. F. Kalscheur, and D. J. Schingoethe, 2006. Feeding lactose to increase ruminal butyrate and the metabolic status of transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 267-276.

22- Dumont, B. L, 1981. Beef quality, marketing and the consumers. Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 10: 37-57.

23- Firkins, J. L., B. S. Oldick, J. Pantoja, C. Reveneau, L. E. Gilligan, and L. Carver. 2008. Efficacy of liquid feeds varying in concentration and composition of fat, nonprotein nitrogen, and nonfiber carbohydrates for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91: 1969-1984.

24- Galo, E., S. M. Emanuele, C. J. Sniffen, J. H.White, and J. R. Knapp. 2003. Effects of a polymer-coated urea product on nitrogen metabolism in lactating Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 86: 2154-2162.

25- Golombeski, G. L., K. F. Kalscheur, A. R. Hippen, and D. J. Schingoethe. 2006. Slow-release urea and highly fermentable sugars in diets fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 4395-4403.

26- Hall, M. B. 2002. Working with sugars (and molasses). Page 146-158 in Proc. 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, FL, USA.

27- Highstreet, A., P. H. Robinson, J. Robison, and J. G. Garrett. 2010. Response of Holstein cows to replacing urea with with a slowly rumen released urea in a diet high in soluble crude protein. Livestock Science, 129: 179-185.

28- Hristov, A. N, and J. K. Ropp. 2003. Effect of dietary carbohydrate composition and availability on utilization of ruminal ammonia nitrogen for milk protein synthesis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 86: 2416-2427.

29- Huntington, G. B., D. L. Harmon, N. B. Kristensen, K. C. Hanson, and J. W. Spears. 2006. Effects of a slow-release urea source on absorption of ammonia and endogenous production of urea by cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 130: 225-241.

30- Inostroza, J. F., R. D. Shaver, V. E. Cabrera, and Tricarico. 2010. Effect of diets containing a controlled-release urea product on milk yield, milk composition, and milk component yields in commercial Wisconsin dairy herds and economic implications. The Professional Animal Scientist, 26: 175-180.

31- Kertz, A. F., L. E. Davidson, B. R. Cords, and H. C. Puch. 1983. Ruminal infusion of ammonium chloride in lactating cows to determine effect of pH on ammonia trapping. Journal of dairy science, 66: 2597-2601.

32- Khampa, S., M. Wanapat, C. Wachirapakorn, N. Nontaso, and M. Wattiaux. 2006. Effects of urea level and sodium DL-malate in concentrate containing high cassava chip on ruminal fermentation efficiency, microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows raised under tropical condition. Asian Australian Journal of Animal Science, 19: 837-849.

33- Lizarazo, A. C., G. D. Mendoza, J. Ku, L. M. Melgoza, and M. Crosby. 2014. Effects of slow-release urea and molasses on ruminal metabolism of lambs fed with low-quality tropical forage. Small Ruminant Research, 116: 28-31.

34- Luciano, G., F. J. Monahan, V. Vasta, L. Biondi, M. Lanza, and A. Priolo. 2009. Dietary tannins improve lamb meat colour stability. Meat science, 81: 120-125.

35- Martel, C. A., E. C. Titgemeyer, L. K. Mamedova, and B. J. Bradford. 2011. Dietary molasses increases ruminal pH and enhances ruminal biohydrogenation during milk fat depression. Journal of Dairy Science, 94: 3995-4004.

36- Mendoza, G. D., R. A. Britton, and R. A. Stock. 1993. Influence of ruminal protozoa on site and extent of starch digestion and ruminal fermentation. Journal of animal science, 71: 1572-1578.

37- Noro, M., R. Bertinat, A. Yanez, J. C. Slebe, and F. Wittwer. 2012. Non-protein nitrogen supplementation increases gluconeogenic capacity in sheep. Livestock Science, 148: 243-248.

38- National Research Council. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.

39- Oelker, E. R., C. Reveneau, and J. L. Firkins. 2009. Interaction of molasses and monensin in alfalfa hay-or corn silage-based diets on rumen fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production by Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 270-285.

40- Oldham J. D, 1984. Protein-energy interrelationships in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 67: 1090-1114.

41- Ortiz, R. M. A., M. A. Galina, and M. M. A. Carmona. 2002. Effect of a slow non-protein nitrogen ruminal supplementation on improvement of Cynodonnlemfuensis or Brachiariabrizanta utilization by Zebu steers. Livestock Production Science, 78: 125-131.

42- Ottenstein, D. M., and D. A. Bartley. 1971. Improved gas chromatography separation of free acids C2-C5 in dilute solution. Analytical Chemistry, 43: 952-955.

43- Pate, F. M, 1983. Molasses in beef nutrition. In ‘Molasses in animal nutrition’. pp. 2–56. National Feed Ingredients Association: Des Moines, IA.

44- Pinos-Rodriguez, J. M., L. Y. Pena, S. S. Gonzalez-Munoz, R. Barcena, and A. Salem. 2010. Effects of a slow-release coated urea product on growth performance and ruminal fermentation in beef steers. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 9: 4-16.

45- Ramirez-Retamal, J., and R. Morales. 2014. Influence of breed and feeding on the main quality characteristics of sheep carcass and meat: A review. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 74: 225-233.

46- Rozanski, S., D. R. Vivian, L. H. Kowalski, O. Rogerio Prado, S. R. Fernandes, J. C. de Souza, and J. A. de Freitas. 2017. Carcass and meat traits, and non-carcass components of lambs fed ration containing increasing levels of urea. Semina: Ciencias Agrarias, 38:1577-1593.

47- SAS, 2003. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1 Edition. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.

48- Satter, L. D, and R. E. Roffler. 1975. Nitrogen requirement and utilization in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 58: 1219-1237.

49- Sinclair, L. A., C. W. Blake, P. Griffin, and G. H. Jones. 2012. The partial replacement of soyabean meal and rapeseed meal with feed grade urea or a slow-release urea and its effect on the performance, metabolism and digestibility in dairy cows. Animal, 6: 920-927.

50- Song, M. K, and J. J. Kennelly. 1989. In situ degradation of feed ingredients, fermentation pattern and microbial population as influenced by ruminal ammonia concentration. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 69: 999-1006.

51- Taylor-Edwards, C.C., N. A. Elam, S. E. Kitts, K. R. McLeod, D. E. Axe, E. S. Vanzant, and D. L. Harmon. 2009. Influence of slow-release urea on nitrogen balance and portal-drained visceral nutrient flux in beef steers. Journal of animal science, 87: 209-221.

52- Tedeschi, L.O., M. J. Baker, D. J. Ketchen, and D. G. Fox. 2002. Performance of growing and finishing cattle supplemented with a slow-rlease urea product and urea. Canadian journal of animal science, 82: 567-573.

53- Umunna, N. N, and B. A. Maisamari. 1981. The replacement value of sugarcane molasses for maize in sheep‐fattening rations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 32: 489-492.

54- Valadares, R. F. D., G. A. Broderick, S. C. Valadares Filho, and M. K. Clayton. 1999. Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives. Journal of Dairy Science, 94: 2686-2696.

55- Van Soest, P.J, 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

56- Vergara, H., A. Molina, and L. Gallego. 1999. Influence of sex and slaughter weight on carcass and meat quality in light and medium weight lambs produced in intensive systems. Meat science, 52: 221-226.

57- Wanapat, M, 2009. Potential uses of local feed resources for ruminants. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41: 1035-1349.

58- Wood, J. D., M. Enser, A. V. Fisher, G. R. Nute, P. R. Sheard, R. I. Richardson, and F. M. Whittington. 2008. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: A review. Meat science, 78: 343-358.

59- Xin, H. S. D. M. Schaefer, Q. P. Liu, D. E. Axe, and Q. X. Meng. 2010. Effects of polyurethane coated urea supplement on In vitro ruminal fermentation, ammonia release dynamics and lactating performance of holstein dairy cows fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 23: 491-500