Amanzougarene, Z., S. Yuste, A. Vega, and M. Fondevila. 2017. In vitro fermentation pattern and acidifiation potential of different sources of carbohydrates for ruminants given high concentrate diets. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 15(2): 2171-9292.
2- AOAC. 2005. Official Methods Of Analysis. 18th ed. Vol. 1. No. 1. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washing Town, D.C.
3- Barrios-Urdaneta, A., M. Fondevila, and C. Castrillo. 2003. Effect of supplementation with different proportions of barley grain or citrus pulp on the digestive utilization of ammonia-treated straw by sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 76: 309-317.
4- Blummel, M., H. P. S. Makkar, and K. Becker. 1997. In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 77: 24-34.
5- Broderick, G. A. and J. H. Kang. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63: 64–75.
6- Broderick, G. A. and W. J. Radloff. 2002. Effects of replacing dietary high moisture corn with dried molasses on production of dairy cows. U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center 2000-2001. Research Report, pp. 106-109.
7- Chamberlain, D. G., S. Robertson, and J. J. Choung. 1993. Sugars versus starch as supplements to grass silage: Effects on ruminal fermentation and the supply of microbial protein to the small intestine, estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives, in sheep. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 63: 189–194.
8- Chester-Jones, H., M. D. Stern, H. M. Metwally, J. G. Linn, and D. M. Ziegler. 1991. Effects of dietary protein-energy interrelationships on Holstein steer performance and ruminal bacterial fermentation in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science, 69: 4956- 4966.
9- Hall, M. B. 2002. Working with sugars (and molasses). In Proceedings from the 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, FL.
10- Hall, M. B. and C. Herejk, 2001. Differences in yields of microbial crude protein from in vitro fermentation of carbohydrates. Journal of Dairy Science, 84: 2486–2493.
11- Hall. M. B., C. C. Larson, and C. J. Wilcox. 2010. Carbohydrate source and protein degradability alter lactation, ruminal, and blood measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 93: 311–322.
Heldt, J. S., R. C. Cochran, G. L. Stokka, C. G. Farmer, C. P. Mathis, E. C. Titgemeyer, and T. G. Nagaraja. 1999. Effects of different supplemental sugars and starch fed in combination with degradable intake protein on low-quality forage use by beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 77: 2793–2802.
12- Huhtanen, P. 1988. The effects of barley, unmolassed sugar-beet pulp and molasses supplements on organic matter, nitrogen and fibre digestion in the rumen of cattle given a silage diet. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 20 (4): 259-278.
13- Kim, K. H., J. Choung, and D. G. Chamberlain. 1999. Effects of varying the degree of synchrony of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen on the synthesis of microbial protein in lactating dairy cows consuming a diet of grass silage and a cereal-based concentrate. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 79: 1441–1447.
14- Lykos, T., G. A. Varga, and D.Casper. 1997. Varying degradation rates of total nonstructural carbohydrates: Effects on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk production and composition in high producing Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 80: 3341– 3355.
15- Makkar, H. P. S. 2004. Recent advances in the in vitro gas method for evaluation of nutritional quality of feed resources. Assessing Quality and Safety of Animal Feeds. FAO Animal Production and Health Series 160. FAO, Rome, pp. 55–88.
16- Makkar, H. P. S. 2005. In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing phytochemicals. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 124: 291-303.
17- Menke, K. H., L. Raab, A. Salewski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz, and W. Schneider. 1979. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 93: 217– 222.
18- Menke, K. H. and H. Steingass. 1978. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Science Development, 28: 7-12.
19- Nocek, J. E. and J. B. Russell. 1988. Protein and energy as an integrated system: Relationship of ruminal protein and carbohydrate availability to microbial synthesis and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science,71: 2070–2107.
20- National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of dairy cattle.7th ed, National Academy Press. Washington, DC.
21- Olivera, R. M. P. 1998. Use of in vitro gas production technique to assess the contribution of both soluble and insoluble fraction on the nutritive value of forages. Msc thesis, University of Aberdeen.
22- Ordway, R. S., V. A. Ishler, and G. A. Varga. 2002. Effects of sucrose supplementation on dry matter intake, milk yield, and blood metabolites of periparturient Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 85: 879-888.
23- Orskov, E. R. and I. MacDonald. 1979. The estimate of protein degradability in the rumen from incubatoin measurments wighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92: 499- 503.
24- Rezaii, F., and J. Bayat kouhsar. 2019. Effects of microwaving, and moist and dry heating on ruminal degradability of protein and dry matter in soybean meal. Journal of Livestock Science and Technologies, 2019, 7 (1): 11-19.
25- Sannes, R. A., M. A. Messman, and D. B. Vagnoni. 2002. Form of rumen- degradable carbohydrate and nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis and protein efficiency of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 85: 900–908.
26- SAS. 2003. SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1 Edition. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
27- Strobel, H. J. and J. B. Russell. 1986. Effect of pH and energy spilling on bacterial versus corn starch or beet pulp fiber diet effects of digestion and intestinal amino acids in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 76: 2692-2700.
28- Theodorou, M. K., B. A. Williams, M. S. Dhanoa, A. B. McAllan, and J. France. 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 48: 185-197.
29- Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583- 3597.
30- Weisbjerg, M. R., T. Hvelplund, and B. M. Bibby. 1998. Hydrolysis and fermentation rate of glucose, sucrose and lactose in the rumen. Journal of Animal Science, 48:12–18.
31- Zhao, X. H., M. G. Jian, Z. Shan, B. F. Chuan, J. L. Chan, J. X. Lan, P. Ke, and R. Q. Ming. 2015. Effects of Degradable Protein and Non-Fibre Carbohydrates on Microbial Growth and Fermentation in the Rumen Simulating Fermenter (Rusitec). Italian Journal of Animal Science, 14 (2):3771.