بررسی بعضی از عوامل اکولوژیکی جوانه‌زنی بذر علف‌هرز قیاق (Sorghum halepense (L.) PERS.)

حفاظت گیاهان

مقاله 4، دوره 31، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 37، پاییز 1396، صفحه 433-444  

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.v31i3.55442

نویسندگان

مهدی مجاب¹؛ مجتبی حسینی ²؛ مجید کریمیان کلیشادرخی¹

¹دانشگاه پیام نور

²دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

قیاق یکی از مهمترین علف‌های‌هرز مسئله‌ساز در دنیا است. پاسخ جوانه‌زنی و سبز شدن آن به فاکتورهای مختلف محیطی در شرایط آزمایشگاه و گلخانه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که، خیساندن بذور به مدت 30 دقیقه در اسید سولفوریک غلیظ (98-95 درصد) بهترین تیمار برای شکستن خواب بذر می‌باشد. پاسخ جوانه‌زنی در دو رژیم نوری (روشنایی/تاریکی و تاریکی مداوم) همراه با دامنه دمایی متفاوت ( ثابت و متناوب) یکسان بود. این گیاه در دماهای متناوب 15/25، 20/30 و 25/35 در هر دو رژیم نوری بیش از 95 درصد جوانه‌زنی داشته است. در دمای ثابت نیز روند درصد نهایی جوانه‌زنی مشابه دماهای متناوب بود و این صفت در محدوده‌ی دماهای ثابت 25 تا 45 بیش از 90 درصد جوانه‌زنی داشت. نتایج آزمایش شوری و خشکی نشان داد این گونه به شوری و خشکی مقاوم است؛ به‌طوری‌که، پتانسیل اسمزی و ماتریک لازم جهت کاهش حداکثر 50 درصد جوانه‌زنی بر اساس برازش مدل لجستیک سه پارامتری به‌ترتیب 62/9- و 13/9- بار محاسبه گردید. با افزایش عمق کاشت ظهور دانه‌رست به طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. بر اساس مدل برازش داده شده عمقی که باعث کاهش 50 درصد حداکثر سبزشدن دانه‌رست می‌شود 86/5 سانتی‌متر تعیین گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پتانسیل اسمزی؛ پتانسیل ماتریک؛ درجه حرارت؛ عمق دفن؛ نور

مراجع

1- Almansouri M., Kinet J.M., and Lutts S. 2001. Effect of salt and osmatic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.). Plant Soil, 231: 243-254.

2- Amiri M.J., and Eslamian S.S. 2010. Investigation of climate change in Iran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3: 208-216.

3- Atak M., Kaya M.D., Kaya G.,Cikili Y., and Ciftçi C.Y. 2006. Effects of NaCl on the germination, seedling growth and water uptake of triticale. Turkish of Journal Agriculture and Forestry, 30: 39-47.

4- Benech Arnold R.L., Ghersa C.M., Sanchez R.A., and Insausti P. 1990. A mathematical model to predict Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. seedling emergence in relation to soil temperature. Weed Research, 30: 91 -99.

5- Benvenuti S., Macchia M., and Miele S. 2001. Quantitative analysis of emergence of seedlings from buried weed seeds with increasing soil depth. Weed Science, 49:528–535.

6- Boyd N., and Van Acker R. 2004. Seed germination of common weed species as affected by Oxygen concentration, light, and osmotic potential. Weed Science, 52: 589–596.

7- Bradford K.J. 1995. Water relations in seed germination.p.351–396.In: J. Kigel et al. (ed.) Seed Development and Germination, New York, Marcel Dekker.

8- Chachalis D., and Reddy K.N. 2000.Factors affecting Campsis radicans Seed germination and seedling emergence. Weed Science, 48: 212–216.

9- Chauhan B.S., and Johnson D.E. 2008a. Germination ecology of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica): an important grass weed of rainfed rice source. Weed Science, 56: 699-706.

10- Chauhan B.S., and Johnson D.E. 2008b. Germination ecology of southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) and India Crabgrass (Digitarialongiflora ): two important weeds of rice in tropics. Weed Science, 56:722- 728.

11- Chejara V.K., Kristiansen P., Whalley R.D.B., Sindel B.M., and Nadolny C. 2008. Factors affecting germination of Coolatia grass (Hyparrhenia hirta). Weed Science, 56: 543-548.

12- Crisraudo A., Gresta F., Luciani F., and Resticcia A. 2007. Effects of after harvest period and environmental factors on seed dormancy of Amaranthus species. Weed Research, 47: 327–334.

13- Elmore D.C., and Paul R.N. 1983. Composite list of C4 weeds. Weed Science, 31: 686-692.

14- Fenner M., and Thompson K. 2005. The ecology of seeds. Cambridge University Press.

15- Ghersa M., Benech Arnold R.L., and Martinez-Ghersa M.A. 1992. The role of fluctuating temperatures in germination and establishment of Sorghum halepense. Regulation of germination at increasing depths. Functional Ecology, 6: 460-468.

16- Gohari A.R., Eslamian S., Abedi-Koupaei J., Massahbavani A.R., Wang d., and Madani K. 2013. Climate change impacts on crop production in Iran's Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. Science of the Total Environment, 442: 405-419.

17- Holm L.G., Plucknett D.L., Pancho J.V., and Herberger J.P. 1977. The world’s worst weeds. distribution and biology. Honolulu, Hawaii University Press.

18- Horowitz M. 1972. Seasonal development of established Johnsongras. Weed Science, 20: 392-395.

19- Huang W.Z., and Hsiao A.I. 1987. Factors affecting seed dormancy and germination of John‌songrass, Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. Weed Research, 27: 1-12.

20- Israelsen K.R., Ransom C.V., and Waldron B.L. 2011. Salinity tolerance of Foxtail Barley (Hordeumjubatum) and desirable pasture grasses. Weed Science, 59: 500-505.

21- Karssen C.M., Derkx M.P.M., and Post B.J. 1988. Study of seasonal variation in dormancy of Spergula arvensis L. seeds in a condensed annual temperature cycle. Weed Research, 28: 449-457.

22- Kaya M.D., Okcu G., Atak M., Cikili Y., and Kolsarrici O. 2006. Seed treatment to overcome salt and drought stress during germination (Helianthus annus L.). European Journal Agronomy, 24: 291-295.

23- Kelly K., Staden M., Van J., and Bell W.E. 1992. Seed coat structure and dormancy. Plant Growth Regulation, 11: 201-209.

24- Koger C.H., Reddy K.N., and Poston D.H. 2004. Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of Texas weed (Caperonia palustris).Weed Science, 52: 989–995.

25- Krenchinski F.H., Albrecht A.J.P., Albrecht L.P., et al. 2008. Plant physiological ecology. 2nd ed. Springer Press.

26- Larcher L. 2000. Ecofisiologia vegetal. São Carlos, RiMa.

27- Mcwhorter C.G., and Jordan T.N. 1976. The effect of light and temperature on the Growth and development of Johnsongrass. Weed Science, 24: 88-91.

28- Mcwhorter C.G. 1961. Morphology and development of Johnsongrass plants from seeds and rhizomes. Weed Science, 9: 558-562.

29- Mcwhorter C.G. 1972. Factors affecting Johnsongrass rhizome production and germination. Weed Science, 20: 41-45.

30- Mcwhorter C.G. 1989. History, biology, and control of johnsongrass. Rev. Weed Science, 4: 85–121.

31- Mearns L.O. 2000. Climatic Change and variability. p. 7–35. In:K.R., Reddy et al. (ed.) Climate change and global crop productivity. CABI Publishing, UK.

32- Mennan H., and Ngouajio M. 2006. Seasonal cycles in germination and seedling emergence of summer and winter populations of Catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine) and Wild mustard (Brassica kaber). Weed Science, 54: 114–120.

33- Michel B.E. 1983. Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of poly-Ethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. Plant Physiology, 72: 66–70.

34- Mohammadi G., Noroozi N., and Nosratti I. 2013. An evaluation of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense L.) seed hardness removing methods. Journal of Agrobiology, 30: 83-88.

35- Mohler C.L. 2001. Mechanical management of weeds.p.139–209. In: M., Liebman et al. (ed.) Ecological management of agricultural weeds. Cambridge University Press, UK.

36- Mojab M., Zamani G.R., Eslami S.V., Hosseini M., and Naseri S.A. 2010. Evaluating the effect of salt and drought stress to sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol 6000 on germination characteristic and seedling growth of Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli Var: oryzicola). Journal of Plant Protection, 24 (1): 108-114. (In Persian with English abstract).

37- Monaghan N. 1979. The biology of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense). Weed Research, 19: 261-267.

38- Norsworthy J.K., and Oliveira M.J. 2005. Coffee senna (Cassia iccidentalis) germination and emergence is affected by environmental factors and seeding depth. Weed Science, 53: 657-662.

39- Oliveria M.J., and Norsworthy J.K. 2006. Pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) germination and Emergence as affected by environmental factors and Seeding depth. Weed Science, 54: 910–916.

40- Podrug A., Gadzo D., Muminovic S., Grahic J., Srebrovic E., and Dikic M. 2014.Dormancy and germination of Johnsongrass seed (Sorghum halepense (L.) PERS.). Herbologia, 14:1-10.

41- Ren J., Tao L., Liu X.M. 2002. Effect of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Galligonum spp. Species. Journal of Arid Environment, 51: 603-611.

42- Riar D.S., Norsworthy J.K., Johnson D.B., Scott R.C., and Bagavathiannan M. 2011. Glyphosate resistance in a Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) biotype from Arkansas. Weed Science, 59: 299-304

43- Rosales-Robles E., Chandler J.M., Wu H., Senseman S.A., and Jaime S.G. 2003. A model to predict the influence of temperature on rhizome johnsongrass (Sorghumhalepense) development. Weed Science, 51: 356-362.

44- Salimi H., and Termeh F. 2002. A study on seed dormancy and germination in ten species of grass weeds. Proceeding of 12th EWRS Symposium, Wageningen, Netherlands.

45- Soltani A., Galeshi S., Zeinali E., and Latifi N. 2001. Germination, seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of chickpea as affected by salinity and seed size. Seed Science and Technology, 30: 51-60.

46- Szabolcs I. 1994. Soils and salinisation. In: M., Pessarakali (ed.) Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Marcel Dekker, New York.

47- Tang D.S., Hamayun M.K., Zhang Y.M., Kang Y.P., and Lee I.J. 2008. Role of red light, Temperature, stratification and nitrogen in breaking seed dormancy of Chenopodium album L. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 11: 199-204.

48- Teuton T.C., Brecke B.J., Unruh J.B., MacDonald G.E., Miller G.L., and Ducar J.T. 2004. Factors affecting seed germination of tropical Signalgrass (Urochloa subquadripara). Weed Science, 52:376-381.

49- Warwick S.I., and Black L.D. 1983. The biology of Canadian weeds. 61. Sorghum halepense (L.) PERS. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 63: 997-1014.

50- Yang H., Huang Z., Baskin C.C., Baskin J.M., Cao Z., Zhu X., and Dong M. 2009. Response of caryopsis germination, early seedling growth and ramet clonal growth of Bromus inermis to soil salinity. Plant Soil, 316: 265–275.