ارزیابی خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و عملکرد کمی و کیفی گاوزبان ایرانی (Echium amoenum) تحت تأثیر تراکم گیاهی و کاربرد کود شیمیایی اوره و کودهای آلی مختلف

علوم باغبانی

مقاله 4، دوره 33، شماره 3، آذر 1398، صفحه 387-403   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jhorts4.v33i3.70323

نویسندگان

محمد بهزاد امیری^{* 1}؛ پرویز رضوانی مقدم²؛ محسن جهان²

¹مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد

²دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

به­منظور بررسی اثر کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر خصوصیات کمی گاوزبان ایرانی (Echium amoenum) در تراکم­های مختلف گیاهی، آزمایشی در سال­های زراعی 92-1390 در دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه­ی بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل 3 تراکم گیاهی (3، 5 و 10 بوته در متر مربع) و 5 نوع کود مختلف (کمپوست زباله شهری، ورمی‌کمپوست، گاوی، شیمیایی (اوره) و شاهد) بودند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که با کاهش تراکم گیاهی، تأثیر کودهای آلی در افزایش عملکرد گل تشدید شد و در کمترین تراکم گیاهی، کودهای کمپوست زباله شهری، ورمی‌کمپوست و گاوی، عملکرد گل را به­ترتیب 112، 79 و 223 درصد نسبت به شاهد بطور معنی‎داری افزایش دادند. در تمامی تراکم­های مورد مطالعه، طول ساقه فرعی در شرایط استفاده از کودهای آلی نسبت به شاهد بطور معنی‎داری بیشتر بود. کودهای کمپوست، ورمی­کمپوست، گاوی و شیمیایی (اوره) در تراکم 10 بوته در متر مربع به­ترتیب افزایش 106، 54، 66 و 173 درصدی میزان فنول کل را در مقایسه با شاهد سبب شدند. در تراکم متوسط گیاهی (5 بوته در متر مربع) استفاده از کودهای کمپوست، ورمی‌کمپوست و گاوی به­ترتیب منجر به افزایش 83، 74 و 57 درصدی میزان آنتوسیانین کل نسبت به شاهد شدند. به­طور کلی نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که استفاده از کودهای آلی مختلف و کود شیمیایی اوره در تراکم­های مطلوب گیاهی می‌تواند منجر به بهبود خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و عملکرد کمی و کیفی گاوزبان ایرانی شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

حد مطلوب بوته؛ سلامت تولید؛ کمپوست؛ گیاه دارویی؛ نهاده بوم سازگار

مراجع

1- Ahmadabadi Z., Ghajar Sepanlou M., and Bahmanyar M.A. 2012. Effect of vermicomost application on amount of micro elements in soil and the content in the medicinal plant of Borago officinalis. Iranian Journal of Crops Improvement, 13: 1-12. (In Persian with English abstract)

2- Abu-Darwish M., Al-Ramamneh E.A.D., Salamon I., Abu-Dieyeh Z., Al-Nawaiseh M., and Albdour T. 2013. Determination of essential oil bioactive components and rosmarinic acid of Salvia officinalis cultivated under different intra-row spacing. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5: 198-203.

3- Ahmadian A., Ghanbari A., and Galavi M. 2006. Effect of animal manure on quantitative and qualitative yield and chemical composition of essential oil in cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 4: 1-10. (In Persian with English abstract)

4- Akbarinia A., Ghalavand A., Sefidkan F., Tahmasebi Z., Sharifi A., and Rezaee M. 2002. Evaluation of Copticum yield and oil in organic, conventional and integrated farming systems. 7nd agronomy and plant breeding of Iran, Seed and Plant Research Institute, Karaj. (In Persian with English abstract)

5- Akbar Nejad F., Astaraee A., Fotovat A., and Nassiri Mahallati M. 2010. Effect of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge on yield and yield component of Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8: 767-771. (In Persian with English abstract)

6- Akhani A., Darzi M.T., and Haj Seyed Hadi M.R. 2012. Effects of biofertilizer and plant density on yield components and seed yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4: 1205-1211.

7- Al-Dein E., and Al-Ramamneh M. 2009. Plant growth strategies of Thymus vulgaris L. in response to population density. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 389-394.

8- Amiri M.B., Rezvani Moghaddam P., and Jahan M. 2016. Study the morphological characteristics affecting yield of Echium amoenum under different organic and chemical fertilizer and plant densities. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 47: 55-69. (In Persian with English abstract)

9- Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A., and Khanuja S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation and oil quality of French basil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 1737-1746.

10- Arancon N.Q., Edwards C.A., Bierman P., Welch C., and Metzger J.D. 2004. Influence of vermicompost on field strawberries. Bioresource Technology 93: 145-153.

11- Arancon N.Q., Galvis P.A., and Edwards A. 2005. Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicomposts. Bioresource Technology 96: 1137-1142.

12- Asadi Gh.A., Momen A., Noruzade Nameghi M., and Khoramdel S. 2014. Effect of different levels of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and nitrogen efficiency of Plantago ovate Forsk. Iranian Journal of Agroecology 5: 373-382. (In Persian with English abstract)

13- Ashouri D., Nourhosieni Niaki S.A., Safarzadeh Vishkaei M.N., Aminpanah H., and Sharifi P. 2013. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on yield of Echium amoenum L. harvested in three years. Journal of Crop Production Research 261-276. (In Persian with English abstract)

14- Atiyeh R.M., Lee S.S., Edwards C.A., Arancon N.Q., and Metzger J. 2002. The influence of humic acid derived from earthworm-processed organic waste on plant growth. Bioresource Technology 84: 7-14.

15- Azizi M., Razavi M., Hasanzadeh Khayyat M.H., Lakzian A., and Neamati H. 2009. Effect of various levels of vermicompost and irrigation on morphologic characteristic of Matricaria recutita Var. Goral. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 24: 82-93. (In Persian with English abstract)

16- Caliskan M.E., Kusman N., and Caliskan S. 2009. Effects of plant density on the yield and yield components of true potato seed (TPS) hybrids in early and main crop potato production systems. Field Crops Research 114: 223-232.

17- Chang Y.L. 2002. Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 50: 3713-3717.

18- Darzi M.T., Ghalavand A., Rejali F., and Sefidkon F. 2006. Effects of biofertilizers application on yield and yield components in fennel (Foeniculum vugare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 22: 278-292. (In Persian with English abstract)

19- Delate K. 2000. Heenah mahyah student from herb trail. Leopold center for sustainable agriculture. Annual Reports, Jowa State University. Ames, IA.

20- D'Hose T., Cougnon M., De Vliegher A., Vandecasteele B., Viaene N., Cornelis W., Van Bockstaele E., and Reheul D. 2014. The positive relationship between soil quality and crop production: A case study on the effect of farm compost application. Applied Soil Ecology 75: 189-198.

21- Doan T.T., Ngo P.T., Rumpel C., Nguyen B.V., and Jouquet P. 2013. Interactions between compost, vermicompost and earthworms influence plant growth and yield: A one-year greenhouse experiment. Scientia Horticulturae 160: 148-154.

22- Elgendy S.A., Hosni A.M., Omer E.A., and Reham M.S. 2001. Variation in herbage yield, essential oil yield and oil composition on sweet basil (Ocimum bacilicum) grown organically in newly reclaimed and in Egypt. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Science 9: 915-933.

23- Fallahi J., Koocheki A., and Rezvani Moghaddam P. 2008. Investigating the effects of organic fertilizers on quantity index and the amount of essential oil and chamazulene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Iranian Journal of Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture 8: 157-168. (In Persian with English abstract)

24- Faraji M., and Poursakhi K. 2018. Effects of biological and organic fertilizers on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Iranian borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 34: 50-61. (In Persian with English abstract)

25- Farhang Meher S., Akbari Sh., and Rezvan Beidokhti Sh. 2014. Effect of planting date and plant density on flower yield and some morphological characteristics of Matricaria chamomilla L. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 6: 79-87. (In Persian with English abstract)

26- Ghilavizadeh A., Darzi M.T., Haj Seyed Hadi M.R., and Rejali F. 2012. Influence of plant growth promoter bacteria and plant density on yield components and seed yield of ajowan (Carum copticum). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 4: 1255-1260.

27- Gutierrez F.A., Santiago J., Molina J.A.M., Nafate C.C., Abud M., Llaven M.A.O., Rincon R., and Dendooven L. 2007. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology 98: 2781-2786.

28- Haj Seyyed Hadi M.R., Darzi M.T., Riazi Gh.H. and Ghandarhari Z. 2013. Evaluation of effect of vermicompost and aminoacids on yield and yield components of Matricaria chemmomilla. Iranian Journal of Plant and Ecosystem 33: 67-80. (In Persian with English abstract)

29- Hasanvand H., Siadat S.A., Bakhshandeh A.M., Moradi Telavat M.R., and Poshtdar A. 2018. Evaluation of yield and some physiological characteristics of borage (Borago officinalis L.) under plant density and sowig dates in Ahwaz region. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 34: 1-16. (In Persian with English abstract)

30- Heidari M.R., Azad E.M., and Mehrabani M. 2006. Evaluation of the analgesic effect of Echium amoenum Fisch & C.A. Mey. Extract in mice: Possible mechanism involved. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103: 345-349.

31- Heidari F., Zehtab-Salmasi S., Javanshir A., Aliari H., and Dadpour M.R. 2008. The effect of plant density on yield and production of essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 12: 501-510. (In Persian with English abstract)

32- Hekmati M., Hadian J., and Tabaei Aghdaei S.R. 2012. Evaluating the effect of planting density on yield and morphology of savory (Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad). Annals of Biological Research 3: 4017-4022.

33- Hosseinpour M., Pirzad A., Habibi H., and Fotokian M.H. 2011. Effect of biological nitrogen fertilizer (Azotobacter) and plant density on yield, yield components and essential oil of anise. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 2: 69-86. (In Persian with English abstract)

34- Ibrahim H.M. 2012. Response of some sunflower hybrids to different levels of plant density. APCBEE Procedia 4: 175-182.

35- Karami A., Sepehri A., Hemzei J., and Salimi Gh. 2011. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorous biofertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of borage (Borago officinalis L.) under water deficit stress. Plant Production Technology 11: 37-50. (In Persian with English abstract)

36- Khalesro Sh., Ghalavand A., Sefidkon F., and Asgharzadeh A. 2012. The effect of biological and organic inputs on quantity and quality of essential oil and some elements content of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27: 551-560. (In Persian with English abstract)

37- Khandan A., Astaraee A., Nassiri Mahallati M., and Fotovvat A. 2004. Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and yield components of Plantago ovata Forsk. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3: 245-253. (In Persian with English abstract)

38- Koocheki A., Amirmoradi Sh., Shabahang J., and Kalantari Khandani S. 2013. Effect of organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Plantago ovata Forssk., Alyssum homolocarpum L., Lepidium perfoilatum L., and Lalementia iberica L. Agroecology 5: 16-26. (In Persian with English abstract)

39- Lakhdar A., Falleh H., Ouni Y., Oueslati S., Debez A., Ksouri R., and Abdelly Ch. 2011. Municipal solid waste compost application improves productivity, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of Mesembryanthemum edule. Journal of Hazardous Materials 191: 373-379.

40- Liuc J., and Pank B. 2005. Effect of vermicompost and fertility levels on growth and oil yield of Roman chamomile. Scientia Pharmaceutica 46: 63-69.

41- Mafakheri S., Omidbaigi R., Sefidkon F., and Rejali F. 2012. Effect of vermicompost, biophosphate and azotobacter on quantity and quality of essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27: 596-605. (In Persian with English abstract)

42- Mehrabani M., Ghassemi N., Sajjadi S.E., Ghannadi A., and Shams-Ardakani M. 2005. Main phenolic compounds of petals of Echium amoenum fisch. And C.A. Mey., a famous medicinal plant of Iran. Daru 13: 65-69.

43- Mir B., Ghanbari A., Ravan S., and Asgharipour M. 2011. Effects of plant density and sowing date on yield and yield components of Hibiscus sabdarij in Zabol region. Advances in Environmental Biology 5: 1156-1161.

44- Miri H., and Darzi M.T. 2018. Effects of manure and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer on growth, yield and essential oil quality of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in Firouzkuh region. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 49: 35-45. (In Persian with English abstract)

45- Moradi R., Nassiri Mahallati M., Rezvani Moghaddam P., Lakzian A., and Nejadali A. 2011. Effect of biological and organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative o oil in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Journal of Horticultural Science 25: 25-33. (In Persian with English abstract)

46- Motta S.R., and Maggiore T. 2013. Evaluation of nitrogen management in maize cultivation grown on soil amended with sewage sludge and urea. European Journal of Agronomy 45: 59-67.

47- Muanda F.N., Soulimani R., Diop B., and Dicko A. 2011. Study on chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil and extracts from stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves. Journal of Food Science and Technology 44: 1865-1872.

48- Nabizadeh E., Habibi H., and Hosainpour M. 2012. The effect of fertilizers and biological nitrogen and planting density on yield quality and quantity Pimpinella anisum L. European Journal of Experimental Biology 2: 1326-1336.

49- Najafpoor Navaee M. 2002. Evaluation of effect of phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizers on seed yield of Echium amoenum. Iranian Journal of Medical and Aromatic Plants 13: 41-50. (In Persian with English abstract)

50- Ndabamenye T., Van Asten P.J.A., Blomme G., Vanlauwe B., Swennen R., Annandale J.G., and Barnard R.O. 2013. Ecological characteristics and cultivar influence optimal plant density of East African highland bananas (Musa spp., AAA-EA) in low input cropping systems. Scientia Horticulturae 150: 299-311.

51- Nemati Darbandi H., Azizi M., Mohammadi S., and Karimpoor S. 2014. Evaluation of effect of foliar spray with different consentrations of vermicompost on morphological traits, essential oil percentage and yield of Melissa officinalis L. Iranian Journal of Horticulture Science 27: 411-417. (In Persian with English abstract)

52- Niknejad M., Lebaschy M.H., Jaimand K., and Hatami F. 2013. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 29: 373-386. (In Persian with English abstract)

53- Nooriyan Soroor E., Rouzbehan Y., and Alipour D. 2013. Effect of Echium amoenum extract on the growth rate and fermentation parameters of Mehraban lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 184: 49-57.

54- Ordone A.A.L. 2008. Antioxidant activities of sechium edule swartz extracts. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 97: 452-458.

55- Padmavathiamma P.K., Li L.Y., and Kumari U.R. 2008. An experimental study of vermin-biowaste composting for agriculture soil improvement. Bioresource Technology 99: 1672-1681.

56- Raja Sekar K., and Karmegan N. 2010. Earthworm casts as an alternate carrier material for biofertilizers: Assessment of endurance and viability of Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Scientia Horticulturae 124: 286-289.

57- Rantala P.R., Vaajasaari K., Juvonen R., Schultz E., Joutti A., and Makela-kurtto R. 1999. Composting of forest industry wastewater sludges for agricultural use. Water Science Technology 40: 187-194.

58- Ren X., Zhang L., Du M., Evers J.B., Van der Werf W., Tian X., and Li Zh. 2013. Managing mepiquat chloride and plant density for optimal yield and quality of cotton. Field Crops Research 149: 1-10.

59- Rezaee M., and Baradaran R. 2011. Effects of biofertilizers on the yield and yield components of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 29: 635-650. (In Persian with English abstract)

60- Rezakhani A., and Haj Seyed Hadi M.R. 2017. Effect of manure and foliar application of amino acids on growth characteristics, seed yield and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 48: 777-786. (In Persian with English abstract)

61- Rezvani Moghaddam P., Aminghafuri A., Bakhshaee S., and Jafari L. 2013. Evaluation of effect of biofetilizer and organic fertilizer on some quantitative characteristics and amount of oil of Satureja hortensis L. Agroecology 5: 105-112. (In Persian with English abstract)

62- Sabahi H., Takafooyan J., Mahdavi Damghani A.M., and Liaghati H. 2010. Effects of integrated application of farmyard manure, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and chemical fertilizers on production of canola (Brassica napus L.) in saline soil of Qum. Agroecology 2: 287-291. (In Persian with English abstract)

63- Saglam C., Atakisi I., Turhan H., Kaba S., Arslanoglu F., and Onemli F. 2004. Effect of propagation method, plant density, and age on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) herb and oil yield. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 32: 419-423.

64- Salehi A., Ghalavand A., Sefidkon F., and Asgharzade A. 2011. The effect of zeolite, PGPR and vermicompost application on N, P, K concentration, essential oil content and yield in organic cultivation of german chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27: 200-214. (In Persian with English abstract

65- Sangwan P., Kaushik C.P., and Garg V.K. 2008. Feasibility of utilization of horse dung spiked filter cake in vermicomposters using exotic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology 99: 2442-2448.

66- Sayyah M., Boostani H., Pakseresht S., and Malaieri A. 2009. Efficacy of aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 33: 1513-1516.

67- Schiffer M.C., Ronzelli Junior P., and Koehler H.S. 1993. Influence of organic fertilizeration on the biomass, yield composition of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. Acta Horticulture 331: 109-114.

68- Shamsodin S.M., Maghsudi K., Farahbakhsh H., and Naseralavi M. 2007. Compost and control of soil erosion. 2nd National Congress of Ecological Agriculture, 25-26 October, Iran, Gorgan. (In Persian with English abstract)

69- Sharpley A.N., McDowell R., and Kleinman P.J.A. 2004. Amounts, forms, and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure. Soil Science Society of American Journal 68: 2048-2057.

70- Shehata S.A., Gharib A.A., Mohamed M., El-Mogy Abdel Gawad K.F., and Emad A.S. 2011. Influence of compost, amino and humic acid on the growth, yield and chemical parameters of strawberries. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5: 2304-2308.

71- Sheikhpour S., Sirousmehr A., and Fakheri B. 2017. Effect of nitrogen and nitroxin levels on quantitative traits of borage (Borago officinalis L.) under Zabol conditions. Journal of Agricultural Crops Production 19: 933-945. (In Persian with English abstract)

72- Shimada K., Fujikawa K., Yahara K., and Nakamura T. 1992. Antioxidative properties of xanthin on autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodetrin emulsion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40: 945-948.

73- Tabrizi L. 2004. The effect of water stress and manure on yield, yield components and quality characteristics of Plantago psyllium. MS Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)

74- Weber J., Kocowicz A., Bekier J., Jamroz E., Tyszka R., Debicka M., Parylak D., and Kordas L. 2014. The effect of a sandy soil amendment with municipal solid waste (MSW) compost on nitrogen uptake efficiency by plants. European Journal of Agronomy 54: 54-60.