Effect of Drought and Salinity Stress on Growth, Flowering and Biochemical Characteristics of Narsicuss tazetta L.

علوم باغبانی

Article 8, Volume 33, Issue 3, December 2019, Pages 451-466   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.76772

Authors

Ali Naseri Moghadam¹; Hassan Bayat^{* 1}; Mohammad Hossein Aminifard¹; Farid Moradinezhad²

¹University of Birjand

²Birjand University

Abstract

Introduction: Salinity and drought have adverse impacts on crop production throughout the world, especially in arid and semiarid areas. Salinity decreases crop growth and yield through modifications of ion balance, water status, stomatal behavior, photosynthetic efficiency, salinity-induced nutrient deficiency and changes to the soil structure. Drought is another one of the main factors limiting the growth and development through the anatomical, morphological, and physiological and biochemical changes that the severity of drought damage varies depending on the duration of the stress and plant growth stage. Water stress reduces relative water content, photosynthesis pigments, stomatal conductance, biomass, growth and ultimately plant performance. Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L. cv. ‘Shahla’) belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family is grown as a cut flower, landscape and medicinal plant that grows throughout the world except tropical regions. It is necessary to know the tolerance of N. tazzeta to drought and salinity stress in order to produce optimal product. According to previous studies, no complete research has been done on the effects of drought and salinity stress on N. tazzeta. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the combined effects of drought and salinity stress on growth, flowering and biochemical characteristics of N. tazzeta.
Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, in 2017. A pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized deign with factorial arrangement and three replications. The treatments included sodium chloride (NaCl) in four levels 0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 mM and drought stress in four levels 30, 50, 70 and 90% of field capacity. The plants were harvested four months after the start of salt and drought treatments. The investigation traits were included vegetative, reproductive and biochemical characterizes. Measured traits were included root length, volume of root, root fresh weight, bulb length, bulb fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, total dry weight, flower diameter, flower crown diameter, stem diameter, days from planting to flowering, days from flowering to senescence, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total soluble sugar of leaf and root. The data were analyzed by SAS version 9.4 and the means separated by Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05. Excel was used to draw graphs.
Results and Discussion: The results of simple effects showed that drought and salinity stresses decreased the values of flowering stem diameter, flower diameter, root length, root volume, root fresh weight, bulb fresh weight, bulb length, shoot fresh weight, total dry weight and days from flowering to senescence. In contrast, the values of the number of days from sowing to flowering, total soluble sugars of leaf and root, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content increased under the influence of these two stresses. The results of interaction effects showed that the destructive effects of salinity and drought stress were intensified in co-application conditions, so that the lowest values of growth and reproductive traits were observed in the most severe stress (30% field capacity × 60 mM salinity). Usually, root and shoot length in sodium chloride solution is reduced due to the toxicity of ions and their negative effects on cell membranes. Drought stress and salinity reduce cell division and also reduce the size of cells and consequently the length of the plant decreases. Delay in flowering is due to multiple stresses (osmotic imbalance, nutrient insufficiency and cellular toxicity) that is caused by salinity and drought stresses. These stresses produce ROS compounds that damage the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Plants for scavenging and detoxifying these compounds from the cell surface use enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, etc.) and non-enzymatic (phenolic compounds and carotenoids) defense systems that increase the antioxidant activity of the plant.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that drought and salinity stresses had negative effects on growth and flowering traits, which was exacerbated by the combined application of these two stresses. On the other hand, the highest levels of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total soluble sugars were obtained under severe stress conditions (drought or salinity). Salinity and drought stress reduced the flowering rate, quality of flowers and the flower life on the plant, but all the levels of stress reached to flowering stage. Also, the growth of narcissus plant was not affected by the highest levels of drought (30% crop capacity) and salinity (60 mM) stress. In general, the results showed that both drought and salinity stress reduced the growth and yield of narcissus flower, but the destructive effects of salinity stress on the growth, ornamental and physiological traits of narcissus flower were more than drought stress.

Keywords

Antioxidant activity; Flower diameter; Root volume; Total phenol; Total soluble sugar

References

1- Abedi T., and Pakniyat H. 2010. Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46(1): 27-34.

2- Afshar Mohammadian M., Ebrahimi Nokandeh S., and Jamalomidi M. 2015. The effect of different levels of salinity on some non-enzymatic antioxidants of three cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.). Crop Physiology Journal 6(24): 57-71. (In Persian)

3- Ahmadi S.H., and Niazi Ardekani J. 2006. The effect of water salinity on growth and physiological stages of eight Canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Irrigation Science 25: 11-20. (In Persian)

4- Al-Moftah A.E., and Al-Humaid A.R.I. 2005. Response of vegetative and reproductive parameters of water stressed tuberose plants to vapor gard (VG) and kaolin antitranspirants (AT). Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 23(1): 7-14.

5- Apel K., and Hirt H. 2004. Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Plant Biology 55:373-399.

6- Bahadoran M., and Salehi H. 2015. Growth and flowering of two tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cultivars under deficit irrigation by saline water. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 17(2): 415-426.

7- Bakhshi Khaniki G., Javadi S., Mehdikhani P., and Tahmasebi D. 2011. Investigation of drought stress effects on some quantity and quality characteristics of new eugenics sugar beet genotypes. New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Journal 1(3): 65-74. (In Persian)

8- Bideshki A., and Arvin M.J. 2010. Effect of salicylic acid (SA) and drought stress on growth, bulb yield and allicin content of garlic (Allium sativum) in field. Plant Ecophysiology 2: 73-79. (In Persian)

9- Bissuel-Belaygue C., Cowan A.A., Marshall A.H., and Wery J. 2002. Reproductive development of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is not impaired by a moderate water deficit that reduces vegetative growth. Crop Science 42(2): 414-422.

10- Borzouei A., Kafi M., Khazaei H., and Mousavi Shalmani M. 2012. Effect of irrigation water salinity on root traits of two salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant wheat cultivars and its relationship with yield in greenhouse. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture 2(4): 95-107. (In Persian)

11- Dadras N., Besharati H., and Ketabchi S. 2012. Effects of salt stress induced by sodium chloride on growth and biological nitrogen fixation in soybean cultivars. Journal of Soil 26: 141-137. (In Persian)

12- Davarynejad G., Shirbani S., and Zarei M. 2015. Effects of deficient irrigation on some of the morpho-physiological characteristics of four fig cultivars. Journal of Horticulture Science, 29(4): 501-517. (In Persian)

13- De R., and Kar R.K. 1995. Seed germination and seedling growth of mung bean under water stress by PEG 6000. Seed Science and Technology 23(2): 301-308.

14- Dehghan H., Alizadeh A., Esmaili K., and Nemati H. 2015. Root growth, yield and yield components of tomato under drought stress. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 29(2): 169-179. (In Persian)

15- Dehghan A., and Rahimmalek M. 2018. The effect of salt stress on morphological traits and essential oil content of Iranian and foreign yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) genotypes. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture 9(2): 23-38. (In Persian)

16- Eskandari-Zanjani K., Shirani Rad A.H., Bitarafan Z., Aghdam A.M., Taherkhani T., and Khalili P. 2012. Physiological response of sweet wormwood to salt stress under salicylic acid application and non-application conditions. Life Science Journal 9(4): 4190-4195.

17- Fabriki Ourang S., and Mehrabad-Pourbenab S. 2016. The effects of drought and salt stresses on some morphological and biochemical parameters of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(3): 23-35. (In Persian)

18- Fallah A., Farahmanfar E., and Moradi F. 2015. Effect of salt stress on some morphophysiological characters of two rice culitivars during different growth stages at greenhouse. Applied Field Crops Research 28(107): 175-182. (In Persian)

19- Franco J.A., Banon S., Vicente M.J., Miralles J., and Martinez-Sanchez J.J. 2011. Root development in horticultural plants grown under abiotic stress conditions-a review. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 86: 543–556.

20- Ghasemi-Phyrouzabadi A. 2001. Evaluation of salinity resistance in two rangeland species Aeluropus littoralis and Puccinella diatance. MS.c.Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. (In Persian)

21- Ghasemi A. 2009. Medicinal and aromatic plants. Islamic Azad University Press. Shahrekord, 536. (In Persian)

22- Gholami-Touranposhti M., Maghsoudi Moud A.A., and Manouchehri-Kalantari K. 2005. Salt stress effect on the photosynthetic capacity of three Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.) clones. The 4th National Biotechnology Congress of Kerman. (In Persian)

23- Ghorbanali M., and Niakan M. 2005. Evaluation of drought stress effect on soluble sugars content, protein, prolin and phenolic compounds and nitrate reeducates activity in soybean cultivar Gorgan 3. Iranian Journal of Science Education 1(2): 537-550. (In Persian)

24- Hajmohammadnia-Ghalibaf K., and Selahvarzi Y. 2012. Physiological responses of kallar grass (Leptochloa fesca L. kunth) to combined salinity and drought stresses under controlled conditions. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 4(2): 105-115. (In Persian)

25- Jaimez R., Vielma O., Rada F., and Garcia‐Núñez C. 2000. Effects of water deficit on the dynamics of flowering and fruit production in capsicum chinense Jacq in a tropical semiarid region of Venezuela. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 185(2): 113-119.

26- Javanmardi J., Khalighi A., Khashi A., Bais H.P., and Vivanco J.M. 2002. Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) found in local accessions and used in traditional medicines in Iran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 58-78.

27- Javadipour Z., Movahhedi Dehnavi M., and Balouchi H. 2013. Changes in leaf proline, soluble sugars, glycinebetaine and protein content in six spring safflowers under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function 1(2): 13-23. (In Persian)

28- Kafi M., Bagheri A., Nabati J., Zare-Mehrjerdi M., and Masomi A. 2011. Effect of salinity on some physiological variables of 11 chickpea genotypes under hydroponic conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture 1(4): 55-70. (In Persian)

29- Kerepesi H., and Galiba G. 2000. Osmotic and salt stress Induced alteration in soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seedling. Crop Science 40: 482-487.

30- Kim B.J., Kim J.H., Kim H.P., and Heo M.Y. 1997. Biological screening of 100 plant extracts for cosmetic use (II): Antioxidative activity and free radical scavenging activity. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 19(6): 299-307.

31- Kinghorn A.D. 1987. Biologically active compounds from plants with reputed medicinal and sweetening properties. Journal of Natural Products 50(6): 1009-1024.

32- Klimczak I., Maecka M., Szlachta M., and Gliszcyn A. 2007. Effect of storage on the content of polyphenols, vitamin C and the antioxidant activity of orange juices. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 20: 313-322.

33- Kontogiorgis C.A., and Hadjipavlou-Litina D.J. 2005. Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of coumarin derivatives. Medicinal Chemistry 48: 6400-6408.

34- Liang X., Zhang L., Natarajan S.K., and Becker D.F. 2013. Proline mechanisms of stress survival. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 19: 998-1011.

35- Li X.F., Shao X.H., Deng X.J., Wang Y., Zhang X.P., Jia L.Y., and Xu L. 2012. Necessity of high temperature for the dormancy release of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis. Journal of Plant Physiology 169(14): 1340-1347.

36- Lloyd J., and Howie H. 1989. Response of orchard ‘washington navel’ orange, (Citrus sinensis L.) osbeck to saline irrigation water. Canopy characteristics and seasonal patterns in leafosmotic potential, carbohydrates and ion concentrations. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40: 359–69.

37- Mahajan S., and Tuteja N. 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: an overview. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 444(2): 139-158.

38- McCready R.M., Guggolz J., Silviera V., and Owens H.S. 1950. Determination of starch and amylose in vegetables. Analytical Chemistry 22: 1156–1158.

39- Moghbeli E., Fathollahi S., Salari H., Ahmadi G., Saliqehdar F., Safari A., and Hosseini Grouh M. 2012. Effects of salinity stress on growth and yield of Aloe vera L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6(16): 3272-3277.

40- Mortezaye-nezhad F., and Jazi-zadeh E. 2017. Effects of water stress on morphological and physiological indices of Cichorium intybus L. for introduction in urban landscapes. Journal of Plant Process and Function 6(21): 279-290. (In Persian)

41- Mohammadi Torkashvand A., and Toofighi Alikhani T. 1394. The impact of drought stress of the cultivation medium on the growth and postharvest life of lilium and chlorophyll in different potassium concentrations of nutrient solution. Journal of Ornamental Plants 5(2): 123-130.

42- Murthy Z.V.P., and Lad V.N. 2013. Phenology of Aloe barbadensis Miller: A naturally available material of high therapeutic and nutrient value for food applications. Journal of Food Engineering 115: 279–284.

43- Nakhaei, F., Khalighi, A., Naseri, M. and Abroumand, P. 2008. The investigation of chemical components in essential oil of Narcissus tazetta L. Flowers under farm and natural conditions in south khorasan. Journal of Horticulture Science (Agricultural Sciences and Technology) 22(2): 123-131. (In Persian with English Abstract)

44- Pessarakli M. 1995. Hand book of plant and crop physiology. Public. Narcel Dekker. Inc. 223-242.

45- Pessarakli M., and Kopec D.M. 2008. Comparing growth responses of selected cool-season turfgrasses under salinity and drought stresses. Turfgrass, Landscape and Urban IPM Research Summary. P-155.

46- Pourmorad F., Hosseiniimehr N., and Shahabimajd N. 2006. Antioxidant activity, Phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medical plants. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(11): 1142-1145.

47- Rostami M., Mohmmad-Parast B., and Golfam R. 2015. The effect of different levels of salinity stress on some physiological characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Agronomy and Technology 3(3): 193-179. (In Persian)

48- Sadeghi H., and Khani K. 2012. Effects of different drought and salinity stress levels on some morphological characteristics and proline content of annual burr medics (M. polymorpha L.). Iranian Dryland Agronomy Journal 1(2): 1-13. (In Persian)

49- Sanjarimijani M., Sirousmehr A.R., and Fakheri B. 2016. The effects of drought stress and humic acid on morphological traits, yield and anthocyanin of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Agroecology 8(3): 346-358. (In Persian)

50- Salami M.R., Safarnejad A., and Hamidi H. 2006. Effect of salinity stress on morphological characters of cuminum cyminum and valeriana officinalis. Journal of Pajouh and Sazandegi 72: 77-83. (In Persian)

51- Sarker B.C., Hara M., and Uemura M. 2005. Proline synthesis, physiological responses and biomass yield of eggplants during and after repetitive soil moisture stress. Science Horticulture 103:387-402.

52- Sepaskhah A.R., and Yarami N. 2009. Interaction effects of irrigation regime and salinity on flower yield and growth of saffron. Journal Horticulture Science Biotechnol 84: 216-222.

53- Shahbazi H., Arzani A., and Esmaelzadeh-Moghadm M. 2016. Effects of drought stress on physiological characteristics in wheat recombinant inbred lines. Journal of Plant Process and Function 5(15): 123-132. (In Persian)

54- Sharifi M., Ghorbanli M., and Ebrahimzadeh H. 2006. Improved growth of salinity-stressed soybean after inoculation with salt pre-treated mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Plant Physiology 164(9): 1144-1151.

55- Shao H.B., Chu L.Y., Jaleel C.A., and Zhao C.X. 2008. Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants, Comptes Rendus Biologies 331: 215-225.

56- Shannon M.C. 1986. Breeding, selection and the genetics of salt tolerance. In: Staples R.C., and G.H. Toenniessn (eds). Salinity Tolerance in Plants. John Wiley and Sons 10: 231-252.

57- Shillo R., Ding M., Pasternak D., and Zaccai M. 2002. Cultivation of cut flower and bulb species with saline water. Science Horticulture 92: 41–54.

58- Singleton V.L., Orthofer R., and Lamuela-Raventos R.M. 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299: 152-178.

59- Silva J.V., Lacerd C.F., Costa P.H.A., Filho J.E., Filho E.G., and Prisco J.T. 2003. Physiological responses of NaCl stressed cowpea plants grown in nutrient solution supplemented with CaCl2 . Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 15: 99-105.

60- Stanton M., Roy B., and Thiede D. 2000. Evolution in stressful environments. I. Phenotypic variability, phenotypic selection, and response to selection in five distinct environmental stresses. Evolution 54(1): 93-111.

61- Soleimani S., Bernard F., Amini M., and Khavari-nezhad R. 2007. Alkaloids from Narcissus tazetta L. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(24): 58-63. (In Persian)

62- Sreenivasulu N., Grimm B., Wobus U., and Weshke W. 2000. Differential response of antioxidant compounds to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Plant Physiology 109(4): 435-442.

63- Tabatabae S.A., Ghasemi A., and Shakeri E. 2012. Effect of water stress on yield, yield components and oil quantity of canola cultivars. Crop Physiology Journal 3(12): 41-53. (In Persian)

64- Ueda A., Kanechi M., and Uno Y. 2003. Photosynthetic limitations of a halophyte sea aster (Aster tripolium L.) under water stress and NaCl stress. Journal of Plant Research 116(1): 63-68.

65- Van-Dort H.M., Jagers P.P., and Heide R. 1993. Narcissus trevithian and Narcissus geranium: analysis and synthesis of compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41(11): 2063-2075.

66- Valifard M., Mohsenzadeh S., Kholdebarin B., and Rowshan V. 2014. Effects of salt stress on volatile compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Salvia mirzayanii. South African Journal of Botany 93: 92–97.

67- Veatch-Blohm M.E., Chen D., and Hassett M. 2013. Narcissus cultivar differences in response to saline irrigation when application began either pre-or postemergence. HortScience 48(3): 322-329.

68- Yousef A.M. 2009. Salt tolerance mechanisms in some halophytes from Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5: 191-206.