ارزیابی بیلان نیتروژن در نظام‌های زراعی تولید گندم(Triticum aestivum L.) ایران

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 10، دوره 12، شماره 3، پاییز 1399، صفحه 523-540  

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

حمید رضا توکلی کاخکی¹؛ مهدی نصیری محلاتی ²؛ علیرضا کوچکی ²؛ محسن جهان ²؛ علیرضا بهشتی³

¹بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات،آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران.

²دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

³بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی،مشهد ، ایران

چکیده

پایداری و توسعه نظام‌های زراعی به‌طور مستقیم و غیرمستقیم به حضور نیتروژن وابسته است، از سوی دیگر، نظام‌های زراعی و باغی از جمله مسیرهای اصلی تلفات نیتروژن به‌شکل‌ تصعید و شستشو می‌باشند که پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی نامطلوبی را به‌همراه خواهد داشت. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی بیلان نیتروژن در نظام‌های زراعی گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) ایران با استفاده از مدل CENTURY اجرا شد. این مدل قادر است با تلفیق اثر متغیرهای اقلیمی، خاک و مدیریت زراعی فرآیندهای چرخه نیتروژن (N) را در سیستم‌های مختلف از جمله بوم‌نظام‌های زراعی شبیه‌سازی کند. در این ارتباط پس از تهیه بانک اطلاعاتی مورد نیاز مدل شامل داده‌های جغرافیایی، اقلیمی، مدیریت زراعی و خصوصیات خاک، روند تغییرات بیلان نیتروژن و سهم هر یک از اجزای تشکیل‌دهنده بیلان با استفاده از مدل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج به‌دست آمده نشان داد که بیشترین نیتروژن ورودی در دامنه (5/9– 5/12 گرم در متر مربع) مربوط به بوم‌نظام‌های زراعی گندم شمال غرب، غرب و جنوب غرب و کمترین مقدار آن در دامنه (3/7– 4/9 گرم در متر مربع) مربوط به نظام‌های زراعی گندم در شرق و جنوب شرقی کشور بود. همچنین بررسی نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در رابطه با سهم نسبی اجزای نیتروژن ورودی و خروجی نشان داد که نیتروژن حاصل از مصرف کود به‌عنوان اصلی‌ترین متغیر ورودی و نیتروژن دانه به‌عنوان مؤثرترین متغیرخروجی توانستند به‌ترتیب با ضریب تبیین 973/0 و 928/0 تغییرات کل موجود در نیتروژن ورودی و خروجی را توصیف کنند. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده به‌نظر می‌رسد در رابطه با نیتروژن ورودی نقش مدیریت زراعی مانند تقسیط مصرف کود، هم‌زمانی زمان مصرف کود با نیاز گیاه و در مجموع، افزایش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن که بیشتر متکی بر مدیریت زراعی هستند، حائز اهمیت می‌باشد. امّا در خصوص خروج نیتروژن از نظام‌های زراعی گندم علاوه ‌بر مدیریت زراعی بقایا، تناوب و بهره‌گیری از ارقام اصلاح شده که از کارایی مصرف نیتروژن بالاتری برخوردار باشند، اهمیت بیشتری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

کود؛ نیتروژن ورودی؛ نیتروژن دانه؛ نیتروژن خروجی؛ شبیه سازی

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