اثر تراکم بوته و نیتروژن بر شاخص‌های فیزیولوژیکی رشد، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد گیاه دارویی سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.)

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 5، دوره 12، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 46، دی 1399، صفحه 635-650   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2020.37577

نویسندگان

عبداله ملافیلابی^{* 1}؛ حسین مودی²

¹گروه زیست‌فناوری مواد غذایی، مؤسسه پژوهشی علوم و صنایع غذایی، مشهد، ایران.

²گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

این آزمایش با هدف بررسی اثر تراکم بوته و اثر میزان مصرف نیتروژن بر شاخص­های رشدی، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک گیاه دارویی سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.)، در سال زراعی 96-1395 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به‌صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور و با چهار تکرار اجرا شد. تیمار‌ها شامل چهار سطح تراکم بوته (60، 120، 180 و 240 بوته در مترمربع) و چهار سطح نیتروژن (صفر، 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار از منبع کود اوره) بودند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل شاخص سطح برگ (LAI) ، میزان تجمع ماده خشک (DM)، سرعت رشد محصول (CGR)، سرعت رشد نسبی (RGR)، ارتفاع بوته، اجزای عملکرد (شامل تعداد شاخه گل‌دهنده در گیاه، تعداد فولیکول در گیاه، تعداد دانه در فولیکول و وزن هزار دانه)، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد کاه و کلش و عملکرد بیولوژیک بودند. نتایج نشان داد که شاخص سطح برگ و میزان تجمع ماده خشک تا مرحله گل‌دهی افزایش یافته و بعد از آن به‌علت پژمردگی برگ‌های پایینی و ریزش‌ برگ‌ها کاهش یافت. همچنین در آغاز فصل رشد سرعت رشد گیاه پایین بوده و پس از آن شدت یافت و در مرحله گل‌دهی به حداکثر میزان خود رسید. با افزایش تراکم تعداد شاخه جانبی به‌طور خطی کاهش یافت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه از تیمار 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار (7/895 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین عملکرد دانه از عدم کاربرد نیتروژن با (9/589 کیلوگرم دانه در هکتار) به‌دست آمد. عملکرد بیولوژیک دارای همبستگی بالایی با عملکرد کاه و کلش (0.99=r²) و عملکرد دانه (0.97=r²) بود. به‌طور کلی، نیتروژن نقش اساسی در ساختمان کلروفیل و سنتز پروتئین­ها دارد و افزایش آن تا 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار، موجب بهبود رشد و عملکرد گردید. همچنین افزایش شاخه­دهی گیاه سیاهدانه در تراکم‌های پایین، منجر به جبران کمبود تعداد گیاه در تراکم‌های پایین شد و عملکرد را افزایش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تعداد فولیکول در گیاه؛ شاخص سطح برگ؛ عملکرد دانه؛ عملکرد کاه و کلش

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