Effects of Weed Management Treatments and Cover Crops as Winter Plating on Weed Population and Yield of Two Cultivars of Tomato

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 8, Volume 13, Issue 1 - Serial Number 47, March 2021, Pages 117-133   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/jag.v13i1.82532

Authors

Bizhan Saboori; Surur Khorramdel^* ; Alireza Koocheki; Hoda Latifi

Department of Agrotecnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Weeds are one of the major reducing factors in tomato production. Cover crops have several features that can inhibit germination and decline emergence and establishment of weeds. The aim of this research was to investigate weed control by using winter cover crop species in production of tomato crops.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design at Sabouri Field, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2017-2018. Four winter cover crops (WCC) [such as chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and rye (Secale cereale)], irrigation (tilled soil without WCC) and control (tilled soil without irrigation) were considered as main factor and sub plots were two tomato cultivars (8320 and 6515 from FALAT Co.). WCC were converted into mulches in spring. Studied criteria were relative density, density and dry weight of weeds per unit area and number (in three stages such as 30 days after planting time, 50 days after planting time and before planting time) and fruit yield and Brix index in three ripening stages.
Results and discussion
The results showed that species of weeds controlled varies widely between WCCs. The minimum density and dry weight of weeds were belonged to hairy vetch and rye and the maximum was for control. Hairy vetch and rye are allelopathic with better efficacy against annual dicots than grasses. The simple and interaction effect of WCC and cultivar were significant on fruit number, fruit yield and Brix index. The highest and the lowest yield for the first, second and third ripening stages were observed in hairy vetch and control, respectively. Total yield for 6515 cultivar was 15 percent higher than 8320 cultivar. The highest and the lowest fruit numbers for the first, second and third ripening stages were related to hairy vetch (with 75.31, 37.78 and 22.3 fruits.m-2) and control (with 54.33, 22.78 and 8.85 fruits.m-2), respectively. Brix index for 8320 cultivar was higher than 6515 cultivar.
Conclusion
In general, annual, biennial or perennial weeds are suppressed by WCCs. This research indicate that WCCs could be used successfully in integrated weed management to decline weed infestation in tomato production.

Keywords

Allelopathy; Brix index; Weed dry weight; Weed establishment; Weed management

References

Ahmadi, A., Dabbagh Mohammadi Nasab, A., Zehtab Salmasi, S., Amini, R., and Janmohammadi, H., 2010. Evaluation of yield and advantage indices in barley and vetch intercropping. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science (Agricultural Science) 20: 78-88. (In Persian with English Summary)

Amin Ghafori, A., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P., 2009. Evaluation of cover crops on weed control in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). The First Congress on Oil Crops, Isfahan, Iran. (In Persian)

Asadi, G.A., and Khorramdel, S., 2014. Effects of different ratio of barley and hairy vetch intercropping on yield, plant nitrogen content, weed population and diversity. Journal of Crop Production 7(1): 131-156. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ateh, C.M., and Doll, J.D., 1996. Spring-planted winter rye (Secale cereale) as a living mulch to control weeds in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology 10: 347-355.

Barberi, P., and Mazzoncini, M., 2001. Changes in weed community composition as influenced by cover crop and management system in continuous corn. Weed Science 49: 491-499.

Baumann, D.T., Kropff, M.J., and Bastians, L., 2000. Intercropping leeks to suppress weeds. Weed Research 40: 359-374.

Blevins, R.L., Herbek, J.H., and Frye, W.W., 1990. Legume cover crops as a nitrogen source for no-till corn and grain sorghum. Agronomy Journal 82: 769-772.

Boyd, N., and Van Acker, R., 2004. Seed germination of common weed species as affected by oxygen concentration, light, and osmotic potential. Weed Science 52: 589–596.

Burgos, N.R., and Talbert, R.E., 1996 a. Weed control by spring cover crops and Imazethapyr in no-till southern pea (Vigna unguiculata). Weed Technology 10: 893–899.

Burgos, N.R., and Talbert, R.E., 1996 b. Weed control and sweet corn (Zea mays var. rogusa) response in a no-till system with cover crops. Weed Science 44(2): 355-361.

Buxton, D.R., 1996. Quality– related characteristics of forage as influenced by plant environment and agronomic factors. Animal Feed Science and Technology 53: 37-49.

Campiglia, A., Mancinelli, R., Radicetti, E., and Caporali, F., 2010. Effect of cover crop and mulches on weed control and nitrogen fertilization on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Crop Protection 29: 354–363.

Campiglia, E., Paolini, R., Colla, G., and Mancinelli, R., 2009. The effects of cover cropping on yield and weed control of potato in a transitional system. Field Crops Research 112: 16-23.

Chase, W.R., Nair, M.G., Putnam, A.R., and Mishra, S.K., 1991. 2, 2-oxo-1,1-a.zobenzene: microbial transformation of rye (Secale cereale L.) allelochemical in field soils by Actinetobacter calcoaceticus. III. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17: 1575-1584.

Cherr, C.M., Scholberg, J.M.S., and McSorley, R., 2006. Green manure approaches to crop production: A synthesis. Agronomy Journal 98: 302-319.

Creamer, N.G., and Dabney, S.M., 2002. Killing cover crops mechanically: Review of recent literature and assessment of new research results. Journal of Alternative Agriculture 17: 32-40.

De Haan, R.L., Wyse, D.L., Ehlke, N.J., Maxwell, B.D., and Putnam, D.H., 1994. Simulation of spring-seeded smother plants for weed control in corn (Zea mays). Weed Science 42: 35-43.

Dhima, K.V., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Eleftherohorinos, I.G., and Lithourgidis, A.S., 2006. Allelopathic potential of winter cereal cover crop mulches on grass weed suppression and sugarbeet development. Crop Science 46: 345-352.

Eckert, D.J., 1988. Rye cover crops for no-tillage corn and soybean production. Journal of Production Agriculture 1: 207-210.

Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A.A., and Rubiales, D., 2010. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Crop Protection 29: 867-871.

Fisk, J.W., Heesterman, O.B., Shrestha, A., Kells, J.J., Harwood, R.R., Squire, J.M., and Sheaffer, C.C., 2001. Weed suppression by annual legume cover crops in no-tillage corn. Agronomy Journal 93: 319-325.

Gabriel, J.L., and Quemada, M., 2011. Replacing bare fallow with cover crops in a maize cropping system: Yield, N uptake and fertilizer fate. European Journal of Agronomy 34: 133-143.

Ghaffari, M., Ahmadvand, G., Ardakani, M.R., Mossadeqi, M.R., and Ghaffari, M., 2012. Effects of cover crop before planting to control weeds, improve soil fertility, yield and yield components of potato. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10(1): 247-255. (In Persian with English Summary)

Ghorbani, R., Koocheki, A., Asadi, G.A., and Jahan, M., 2008. Effect of organic amendments and compost extracts on tomato production and storability in ecological production systems. Field Crops Research 6(1): 111-116. (In Persian with English Summary)

Gliessman, S.R., 2014. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. Third Edition, CRC Press, 406 pp.

Haj Seyed Hadi, M., Nour Mohammadi, G., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Rahimiyan, H., and Zand, E., 2007. Vertical distribution of dry matter and leaf area of potato in competition with weeds. Agricultural New Results 1(4): 293-307. (In Persian with English Summary)

Hiltbrunner, J., Jeanneret, P., Liedgens, M., Stamp, P., and Streit, B., 2007. Response of weed communities to legume living mulches in winter wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 193: 93–102.

Hudu, A.I., Futuless, K.N., and Gworgwor, N.A., 2002. Effect of mulching intensity on the growth and yield of irrigated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and weed infestation in semi-arid zone of Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21: 37-45.

Jahedi, A., 2003. Application of cover crops and allelopathic crops on weed control in potato field. 3^rd International Congress on Biological Materials and Optimum Application of Fertilizers and Pesticides in Agriculture. Deputy of Training and Equipping the Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Jihad. February 21-23, Karaj, Iran. (In Persian)

Kobayashi, H., Miura, S., and Oyanagi, A., 2004. Effect of winter barley as a cover crop on the weed vegetation in a no-till soybean. Weed Biology and Management 4: 195-205.

Larkin, R.P., Griffin, T.S., and Honeycutt, C.W., 2010. Rotation and cover crop effects on soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities. Plant Disease 94: 1491-1502.

Lutman, P.J.W., 2002. Estimation of seed production by Stellaria media, Sinapis arvensisand Tripleurospermum inodorumin arable crops. Weed Research 42: 359–369.

Malik, M.S., Norsworthy, J.K., Riley, M.B., and Bridges, W., 2010. Temperature and light requirements for wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) germination over a 12-month period following maturation. Weed Science 58: 136-140.

McLenaghen, R.D., Cameron, K.C., Lampkin, N.H., Daly, M.L., and Deo, B., 1996. Nitrate, leaching from plowed pasture and the effectiveness of winter catch crops in reducing leaching losses. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 39: 413-420.

Meteorological Organization of Iran., 2019. Available at https://www.razavimet.ir/ (In Persian)

Milberg, R., 1997. Weed seed germination after short-term light exposure: germination rate, photon influence response and interaction with nitrate. Weed Research37: 157-164.

Mirzaee Talarposhti, R., Kambozia, J., Sabahi, H., and Mahdavi Damghani, A., 2009. Effect of organic fertilizers application on of soil physicochemical characteristics and production of tomato. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7: 257-268. (In Persian with English Summary)

Nagabhushana, G.G., Worsham, A.D., and Yenish, J.P., 2001. Allelopathic cover crop to reduce herbicide use in sustainable agricultural systems. Allelopothy Journal 8: 133-146.

Norsworthy, J.K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S.K., and Still, J., 2011. Evaluation of cereal and Brassicaceae cover crops in conservation-tillage, enhanced, glyphosate resistant cotton. Weed Technology 25: 6-13.

Pullaro, T.C., Marino, P.C., Jackson, D.M., Harrison, H.F., and Keinath, A.P., 2006. Effects of killed cover crop mulch on weeds, weed seeds, and herbivores. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 115: 97-104.

Ranjbar, M., Samedani, B., Rahimian, H., Jahansoz, M.R., and Bihamta, M.R., 2007. Influence of winter cover and crops on weed control tomato yield. Pajouhsh and Sazandegi (74): 24-33. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rao, V.S., 2006. Principles of Weed Science. Science Publication, USA. 555 pp.

Ritter, W.F. Scarborough, R.W., and Chirnside, A.E.M., 1991. Nitrate leaching under irrigation on Coastal Plain soil. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 117: 490-502.

Samadi, F., and Mohammaddoust Chamanabad, H.R., 2014. Effect of cover crops and row space on weed control and potato yield. Journal of Plant Protection 27(4): 441-434. (In Persian with English Summary)

Samarajeewa, K.B., Horiuchi, T., and Oba, S., 2006. Finger millet (Eleucine corocana L. Gaertn.) as a cover crop on weed control, growth and yield of soybean under different tillage systems. Soil and Tillage Research 90: 93-99.

Sarrantonio, M., and Gallandt, E., 2003. The role of cover crops in North American cropping systems. Journal of Crop Production 8: 53–74.

Shekari, F., Masiha, S., and Esmailpour, B., 2006. Vegetable Physiology. Zanjan University Publications, Zanjan, Iran. 394 pp. (In Persian)

Shojai, M., Ostovan, H., Zamanizadeh, H., Labbafi, Y., Nasr Elahi, A.,Ghasemzadeh, M., and Rajabi, M.Z., 2003. The management on the intercropping of cucumber and tomato, with the implementation of non chemical and reasonably control of pests, and diseases for organic crop production in greenhouse. Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9(2): 1-40. (In Persian with English Summary)

Steenwerth, K., and Belina, K.M., 2008. Cover crops enhance soil organic matter, carbon dynamics and microbiological function in a vineyard agroecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology 40(2): 359-369.

Theasdale, J.R., and Mohler, C.L., 2000. The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Weed Science 48: 385-392.

Uchino, H., Iwama, K., Jitsuyama, Y., Yudate, T., and Nakamura, S., 2009. Yield losses of soybean and maize by competition with inter seeded cover crops and weeds in organic-based cropping systems. Field Crops Research 113(3): 342–351.

Van Heemst, H.D.J., 1985. The influence of weed competition on crop yield. Agricultural Systems 18(2): 81-93.

Vaughan, J.D., and Evanylo, G.K., 1998. Corn response to cover crop species, spring desiccation time and residue management. Agronomy Journal 90: 536-544.

Yenish, J.P., Worsham, A.D., and York, A.C., 1996. Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 10(4): 815-821.