برآورد پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی بوم‌نظام‌های زراعی استان خراسان تحت مدیریت رایج

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 3، دوره 13، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 48، تیر 1400، صفحه 211-235   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jag.v1i1.35461

نویسندگان

علیرضا کوچکی¹؛ سرور خرم دل^{* 1}؛ لیلا جعفری²

¹گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران.

²دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، ایران.

چکیده

اگرچه تولید و عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی در قرن اخیر بهبود یافته و این امر موجب افزایش تولید غذا شده است، ولی این دستاوردها مشکلات اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی زیادی را برای سلامت انسان و سایر موجودات زنده نظیر شور شدن و اسیدی شدن، آب‌شویی نیترات و تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای به‌همراه داشته است. این تحقیق، با هدف تعیین پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی بوم­نظام­های زراعی تحت مدیریت رایج و فشرده در سه استان خراسان رضوی، جنوبی و شمالی اجرا شد. پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی کشاورزی فشرده در شش گروه خسارت به سرمایه­های طبیعی شامل آب، هوا، خاک، تنوع زیستی و سلامت انسان تحت تأثیر مصرف کودها، علف­کش­ها و آفت­کش­های شیمیایی اندازه­گیری و برآورد شد. نتایج نشان داد که با گذشت زمان روند کاهشی برای میزان توزیع، به‌کارگیری و مصرف سموم شیمیایی به‌منظور کنترل آفات، بیماری­ها و علف­های هرز در بوم­نظام­های زراعی استان خراسان مشاهده شد. میانگین نیتروژن نیتراتی نمونه­های آب در اراضی کشاورزی بالاتر از حد مجاز 10 میلی­گرم بر لیتر بود. باقی‌مانده دیازینون و آزنفوس متیل در آب آبیاری به‌ترتیب برابر با 35/16±18/23 و 68/0±78/15 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. بیشترین میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای شامل CO₂، CH₄ و N₂O به اتمسفر برای استان خراسان رضوی به‌ترتیب 63206052، 4005 و 419 کیلوگرم برآورد گردید. میانگین غلظت نیترات خاک از حد بحرانی نیترات بالاتر بود. محتوی کربن آلی خاک در زیستگاه طبیعی و مرتع بالاتر از اراضی زراعی تعیین گردید. اگرچه تعداد کل کندوی زنبور عسل با گذشت زمان افزایش یافت، ولی طی سال­های اخیر تعداد کندوهای بومی زنبورهای عسل در هر سه استان به صفر کاهش یافت. مقدار حداکثر دامنه نیترات برای گوجه‌فرنگی، بادمجان، خیار و اسفناج در مقایسه با حد مجاز نیترات در این محصولات به‌ترتیب برابر با 4/1، 75/0، 15/17 و 38/7 درصد بالاتر بود. در مورد چغندرقند نیز حد بالا و پایین دامنه آن از مقدار مجاز نیترات پایین­تر بود. همچنین، غلظت نیترات در سبزی­های برگی بالاتر از محصولات جالیزی است. بالاترین میزان تلفات عناصر نیتروژن و فسفر مربوط به استان خراسان رضوی بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آفت‌کش؛ حد مجاز؛ حد بحرانی؛ کشاورزی فشرده؛ گاز گلخانه‌ای

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