Effect of Three Species of Mycorrhiza Inoculation on Yield and Some Physiological properties of Two Potato Cultivars under Drought Stress in Controlled Conditions

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 1, Volume 14, Issue 4 - Serial Number 44, January 2017, Pages 558-574   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v14i4.21993

Authors

S Khaninejad; H. R Khazaei^* ; J Nabati; M Kafi

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Introduction
In recent years, rainfall deficiency was an increasing problem in most countries; which limited the production of agricultural crops. Among abiotic stresses the plants encountered, drought stress is considered as the most important limiting factor in plants growth and reproduction in natural and agricultural systems through most parts of the world; while drought stress causes 45% increase in the crops among various stress making factors (biotic and abiotic). A suitable procedure for controlling drought stress in agriculture is making the symbiotic relation between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi decrease the plant ability in absorbing nutrients, ion balance, keeping enzyme activity, increasing chlorophyll density and root-soil connection; they decline the hazards caused by stress and decrease the plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Potato is one of the most valuable sources to provide human food in the developing countries and is one of the most productive crops, while its production is twofold to rice and wheat. Producing more than 5 million tones potato makes this crop as the first utilizable nutrient after wheat, in this country. Potato is sensitive to soil humidity caused by limited and low-deep root system.
Materials and Methods
Thus, an investigation was conducted to examine the effect of three of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Glomus fasciculatum) on two potato cultivars (Agria and Fontana) under drought stress and control conditions, in factorial experiment based on complete randomize block with three repetitions in research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University in 2012. In control treatment, irrigating was done when field capacity got 80% and it was conducted to 100% field capacity. Stress treatment was done when the field capacity got 60% and continued to 80% field capacity. Fungus treatment was done with a 100g mixture of inoculum including mycorrhizal root sections of corn, soil and mycorrhizal active parts (spore and hyphae) provided by corn root during a four-month period, in root space.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that Agria cultivar in higher than Fontana. The drought stress decreased bush height, totally fungi resulted in increasing bush height in both cultivars. However, leaf area of Fontana was more than Agria; drought stress decreased leaf area but using Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae fungi increased the plant height in both cultivars. Among the treatments, the effect of cultivar on chlorophyll fluorescence was significant and there was no significant difference with each other. Only the effect of cultivar on chlorophyll fluorescence was significant among the treatments and there was no significant difference among other treatments. The amount of Spad index in Agria was 10% more than Fontana. This parameter was observed much more in control treatment than fungal treatments; drought stress indicated higher spad. There was a significant difference between Agria and Fontana cultivars for tuber weight. Fontana increased the production to 36% by producing 129g tuber to Agria cultivar. This difference was observed in control treatment and drought stress. Among various cultivars, Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus mosseae were significantly different from other treatments with 120 and 123gr tuber, respectively; and control treatment contained the least one with a 75g tuber. The interaction of fungus and stress indicated that there was no significant difference in Fontana cultivar and in mycorrhizal treatments for single-bush yield; but in control treatment, this rate was the least and had significant difference with other treatments. The most significant difference among stress levels was observed in Glomus intraradices; in this fungus, control treatment indicated 44% yield more than drought stress. Fontana indicated a significant difference to Agria cultivar for four tubers in a bush, averagely. Control treatment indicated a significant difference to drought stress for four tubers in a bush and 20% increase, but there was no significant difference among various mycorrhizal fungi for tuber numbers in a bush. Totally, Glomus fasciculatum affected the studied potato properties more positively than other species.

Keywords

Agria; Tuber number; Chlorophyll fluorescence; Fontana; Tuber weight

References

1. Al-Karaki, G.N. 1998. Benefit, cost and water-use efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal durum wheat grown under drought stress. Mycorrhiza 8(1): 41-45.

2. Al-Karaki, G.N. and Hammad, R. 2001. Mycorrhizal influence on fruit yield and mineral content of tomato grown under salt stress. Journal of plant nutrition 24(8):1311-1323.

3. Auge, R.M. 2001. Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 11(1): 3-42.

4. Auge, R.M. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil/plant water relations. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84(4): 373-381.

5. Basu, M. and Srivastava, N.K. 1998. Root endophytes in medicinal plants, their population and effect. In Abstract: 7th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Edinburgh, Scotland, 9-16 August.

6. Basu, P.S., Sharma, A. and Sukumaran, N.P. 1998. Changes in net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence in potato leaves induced by water stress. Photosynthetica 35(1): 13-19.

7. Belhassen, E. ed. 1997. Drought tolerance in higher plants: genetical, physiological and molecular biological analysis. Kluwer.

8. Blum, A. 1996. Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. Plant Growth Regulation 20(2): 135-148.

9. Cheng, Y., Bai, D., Sun, L., Feldmann, F. and Feng, G. 2008. Utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during production of micropropagated potato Solanum tuberosum. In Mycorrhiza works: Proceedings of the International Symposium" Mycorrhiza for Plant Vitality" and the Joint Meeting for Working Groups 1-4 of COST Action 870, Hannover, Germany, 3-5 October, 2007 (pp. 165-178). DPG Selbstverlag.

10. Cornic, G. and Briantais, J.M. 1991. Partitioning of photosynthetic electron flow between CO 2 and O 2 reduction in a C3 leaf (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different CO2 concentrations and during drought stress. Planta 183(2): 178-184.

11. Dasgan, H.Y., Kusvuran, S. and Ortas, I. 2008. Responses of soilless grown tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (Glomus fasciculatum) colonization in re-cycling and open systems. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(20): 3606-3613.

12. Demir, S. 2005. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on some physiological growth parameters of pepper. Turkish Journal of Biology, 28(2-4), pp.85-90.

13. Al-Karaki, G., McMichael, B.Z.A.K.J. and Zak, J. 2004. Field response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress. Mycorrhiza 14(4): 263-269.

14. Gupta, M. L., Prasad, A., Ram, M. and Kumar, S. 2002. Effect of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the essential oil yield related characters and nutrient acquisition in the crops of different cultivars of menthol mint (Mentha arvensis) under field conditions. Bioresource Technology 81(1): 77-79.

15. Hanson, A.D. and Hitz, W.D. 1982. Metabolic responses of mesophytes to plant water deficits. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 33(1): 163-203.

16. Harris, D. and Paul, E.A. 1987. Carbon requirements of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhiza Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 224p.

17. Hsiao, T.C. 1973. Plant responses to water stress. Annual review of plant physiology, 24(1), pp.519-570.

18. Cruz, R.E.D. and Husain, T. 2008. Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi inoculation on coppicing ability and drought resistance of Senna spectabilis. The Pakistan Journal of Botany 40(5): 2217-2224.

19. Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. 2002a. Mycorrhization of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L) to enhance the concentration and quality of essential oil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82(4): 339-342.

20. Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. 2002b. Glomus macrocarpum: a potential bioinoculant to improve essential oil quality and concentration in Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Carum (Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 18(5): 459-463.

21. Khazaei, M. 2003. Effect of drought stress on yield and physiological features of tolerant wheat cultivars and introducing the most suitable indicators of drought stress. Ph.D. thesis of farming. Agriculture College. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

22. Khorshidi Benam, M. B. Khoei, F. Mirhadi, M.J. and Nourmohammadi, Q. 2001. Studying the effect of drought stress in different growth stages of potato. Journal of national agriculture science 4(1): 48-58.

23. Kijkar, S. 1991. Producing rooted cuttings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project. Thailand.

24. King, B., Stark, J. and Love, S. 2003. Potato production with limited water supplies. The Idaho Center for Potato Research and Education, ID, USA. Available in http://goo. gl/J5fkjQ.

25. Kouchaki, A. 1988. Aspects of drought stress in Sorghum. Journal of agricultural science and industries 2(2): 77-81.

26. Liu, F., Jensen, C.R. and Andersen, M.N. 2004. Drought stress effect on carbohydrate concentration in soybean leaves and pods during early reproductive development: its implication in altering pod set. Field crops research 86(1): 1-13.

27. Liu, R., Li, M., Meng, X., Liu, X. and Li, X. 1999. Effects of AM fungi on endogenous hormones in corn and cotton plants. Mycosystema 19(1): 91-96.

28. Lorella, N., Moscatiello, R., Genre, A., Novero, M., Baldan, B., Bonfante, P. and Mariani, P. 2007. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices induces intracellular calcium changes in soybean cells. Caryologia 60(1-2): 137-140.

29. Lu, Q., Lu, C., Zhang, J. and Kuang, T. 2002. Photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence during flag leaf senescence of field-grown wheat plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 159(11): 1173-1178.

30. Malakouti, M.J., Moshiri, F. and Ghaibi, M.N. 2005. Optimum Levels of Nutrients in Soil and Some Agronomic and Horticultural Crops. Soil and Water Research Institue. Technical Bulletin, p.405.

31. Nadler, A. and Heuer, B. 1995. Effect of saline irrigation and water deficit on tuber quality. Potato Research 38(1): 119-123.

32. Onder, S., Caliskan, M.E., Onder, D. and Caliskan, S. 2005. Different irrigation methods and water stress effects on potato yield and yield components. Agricultural water management 73(1): 73-86.

33. O'Neill, P.M., Shanahan, J.F. and Schepers, J.S. 2006. Use of chlorophyll fluorescence assessments to differentiate corn hybrid response to variable water conditions. Crop Science 46(2): 681-687.

34. Opena, G.B. and Porter, G.A. 1999. Soil management and supplemental irrigation effects on potato: II. Root growth. Agronomy Journal 91(3): 426-431.

35. Rahimian, H. Kouchaki, A.R and Zand, A. 2000. Photosynthesis and production in various environmental conditions (translation). 1st pub. Tehran Parks & Green Space Organization.

36. Rezaei, A.M and Soltani, A. 1996. Potato farming (translation). Mashhad Jahad Daneshgahi Publication. P 179.

37. Ruiz-Lozano, J.M. and Azcon, R. 1996. Mycorrhizal colonization and drought stress as factors affecting nitrate reductase activity in lettuce plants. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 60(2): 175-181.

38. Sadras, V.O. and Milroy, S.P. 1996. Soil-water thresholds for the responses of leaf expansion and gas exchange: a review. Field Crops Research 47(2-3): 253-266.

39. Sairam, R.K., Rao, K.V. and Srivastava, G.C. 2002. Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science 163(5): 1037-1046.

40. Shahnazari, A. Liu, F., Andersen, M.N. Jacobsen, S.E. and Jensen, C.R. 2007. Effects of partial root-zone drying on yield, tuber size and water use efficiency in potato under field conditions. Field Crops Research 100(1): 117-124.

41. Sharma, A.K. 2002. Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. India: Agrobios 12: 319-324.

42. Song, H. 2005. Effects of VAM on host plant in the condition of drought stress and its mechanisms. Electronic Journal of Biology 1(3): pp.44-48.

43. Songsri, P., Jogloy, S. Holbrook, C.C. Kesmala, T. Vorasoot, N. Akkasaeng, C. and Patanothai, A. 2009. Association of root, specific leaf area and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading to water use efficiency of peanut under different available soil water. Agricultural water management 96(5): 790-798.

44. Vamerali, T. Saccomani, M., Bona, S., Mosca, G. Guarise, M. and Ganis, A. 2003. A comparison of root characteristics in relation to nutrient and water stress in two maize hybrids. In Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth Springer Netherlands. Pp: 157-167.

45. Wu, Q.S. Xia, R.X. Zou, Y.N. and Wang, G.Y. 2007. Osmotic solute responses of mycorrhizal citrus (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings to drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 29(6): 543-549.

46. Yuan, B.Z. Nishiyama, S. and Kang, Y. 2003. Effects of different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of drip-irrigated potato. Agricultural water management 63(3): 153-167.

47. Zhang, X.H. SMITH, S.E. and SMITH, F.A. 2006. Effects of Glomus mosseae on the toxicity of heavy metals to Vicia faba. Journal of Environmental Sciences 18(4): 721-726.