ارزیابی خدمات و بیلان کربن خاک در اکوسیستم‌های مختلف کشاورزی در استان خراسان

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 2، دوره 13، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 50، دی 1400، صفحه 593-617   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jag.v1i1.46433

نویسندگان

علیرضا کوچکی^{* 1}؛ سرور خرم دل^{* 2}

¹گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

²گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور ارزیابی خدمات و کارکردهای خاک­ تحت تأثیر مدیریت­های مختلف پرنهاده و کم­نهاده در استان خراسان، نمونه­برداری از 10 مکان تحت مدیریت­های مختلف زراعی و باغی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار نمونه به‌عنوان تکرار از هر نوع مدیریت در بهار سال 1393 انجام شد. نمونه­برداری از عمق 30-0 سانتی­متر خاک در مزارع کم­نهاده شامل مزارع چندساله زعفران و باغات میوه و مزارع پرنهاده یک‌ساله کشاورزان شامل گندم و ذرت و مزارع ‌ساله آزمایشی (مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد) برداشت و خصوصیات مختلف فیزیکی (شامل وزن مخصوص ظاهری)، شیمیایی (شامل محتوی کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، فسفر قابل دسترس، پتاسیم قابل دسترس، شاخص واکنش و هدایت الکتریکی) و بیولوژیکی (میزان کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی، فعالیت آنزیم­های فسفاتاز و دهیدروژناز) اندازه­گیری شد. سطح زیر کشت و میزان مصرف نهاده­های شیمیایی شامل نیتروژن، فسفر، پتاسیم، علف­کش، حشره­کش و قارچ­کش محصولات زراعی شامل گندم، گوجه­فرنگی، یونجه، ذرت، سیب­زمینی، چغندرقند و کلزا طی سال 1393 تعیین شد. میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه‏ای شامل دی­اکسید کربن (₂CO)، اکسید نیتروژن (O₂N) و متان (₄CH) با استفاده از ضرایب انتشار و سپس پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی تعیین گردید. نتایج نشان داد که اثر نوع مدیریت اکوسیستم بر کلیه خصوصیات مورد مطالعه خاک به‌جز شاخص واکنش معنی­دار (01/0≥p) بود. به‌کارگیری مدیریت پرنهاده و رایج در مزارع آزمایشی و یک‌ساله کشاورزان باعث کاهش محتوی کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، فسفر قابل دسترس، پتاسیم قابل دسترس، هدایت الکتریکی، کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی، فعالیت آنزیم­های فسفاتاز و دهیدروژناز و ترسیب کربن خاک در مقایسه با مزارع چندساله زعفران شد، در حالی­که وزن مخصوص ظاهری افزایش یافت. بیشترین و کمترین کربن آلی خاک به‌ترتیب برای باغ­های چندساله و مزارع رایج یک‌ساله آزمایشی با 104/0 و 036/0 درصد حاصل شد. بیشترین و کمترین کربن ترسیب شده خاک به‌ترتیب برای باغ­های چندساله و مزارع رایج یک‌ساله آزمایشی با 31/355 و 48/182 کیلوگرم کربن در هکتار مشاهده شد. اجرای عملیات مدیریتی در مزارع چندساله، مزارع یک‌ساله ذرت و مزارع یک‌ساله گندم به‌ترتیب موجب کاهش 12، 35 و 41 درصدی کربن ترسیب شده خاک در مقایسه با باغ­های چندساله شد. بیشترین پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی برای سیب­زمینی با 69/3 تن معادل ₂CO به‌ازای هر هکتار محاسبه شد که نسبت به گندم، چغندرقند، گوجه­فرنگی و ذرت به‌ترتیب 53، 37، 16 و 12 درصد بالاتر بود. کمترین پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی برای کلزا با 35/1 تن معادل ₂CO به‌ازای هر هکتار به‌دست آمد. بدین­ترتیب، کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و افزایش مصرف انواع نهاده­های آلی را می­توان به‌عنوان راهکاری اکولوژیک در مدیریت پایدار اکوسیستم­های زراعی مدنظر قرار داد که از طریق کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه­ای و به تبع آن تخفیف تغییر اقلیم را به دنبال دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

انتشار گاز گلخانه‌ای؛ کود شیمیایی؛ مدیریت پرنهاده؛ مزرعه چندساله؛ نهاده آلی

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