تاثیر آفت کش های شیمیایی بر پویایی جمعیت، غنای گونه ای و تنوع زیستی علف‌های هرز و عملکرد گندم زمستانه

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 0-727 فروردین 2   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jag.v1i1.78961

نویسندگان

حسین کریم پور¹؛ احمد نظامی^{* 2}؛ مهدی نصیری محلاتی²؛ امیر لکزیان²؛ محمد فارسی²

¹دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

²فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

رقابت بین گندم (Triticum aestivum) و علف­هرز از مهمترین محدودیتهای تولید جهانی این گیاه محسوب می­شود و راهکارهای مدیریتی بشر برای مدیریت آفات و علف­های­هرز سبب نابودی تنوع زیستی بوم­نظام­های کشاورزی شده است. به منظور مطالعه تاثیر مدیریت شیمیایی بر جمعیت علف­های هرز و عملکرد گندم زمستانه آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال های زراعی92-1391 و 93-1392 اجرا شد. عوامل آزمایش شامل آفت‌کش در سه سطح (شاهد محلولپاشی با آب، حشره­کش عمومی دلتامترین و حشره­کش اختصاصی سن گندم فینیتریتیون) و علفکش در چهار سطح (شاهد محلولپاشی با آب، علف­کش پهن­برگ‌کش توفوردی ، علف­کش باریک‌برگ‌کش تاپیک  و تلفیق دو علفکش توفوردی+تاپیک) بودند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها نشان داد در هر دو سال آزمایش تأثیر علف­کش بر تراکم و وزن خشک علف­های­هرز پهن­برگ و کل علف­های­هرز معنی­دار بود، اما تیمارهای آفت­کش بر تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های­هرز تأثیر معنی­داری نداشتند. همچنین در هر دو سال زراعی کاربرد مخلوط علف­کش کلودینافوپ پروپارژیل + توفوردی بیشترین تأثیر را در کاهش تراکم و وزن ­خشک علف­های­هرز پهن­برگ و کل علف­های­هرز نشان داد. بالاترین شاخص تنوع شانون در سال زراعی 92-1391 در تیمارهای بدون علف­کش دیده شد که تفاوت معنی­داری با سایر تیمارها داشت. در سال زراعی 93-1392 نیز بیشترین شاخص تنوع شانون در تیمار شاهد و کمترین شاخص تنوع زیستی در تیمارهای استفاده تلفیقی از هر دو علف‌کش مشاهده شد. به نظر می­رسد تلفیق دو نوع علف­کش علاوه بر وزن خشک و تراکم، بیشترین تاثیر را بر تنوع گونه­ای علف های هرز نیز داشته است. اثر علف­کش در هر دو سال و همچنین اثر آفت‌کش فقط در سال زراعی 93-1392 بر عملکرد گندم معنی­دار بود. کاربرد آفتکش‌ها باعث افزایش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه شد، اما با افزایش تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های هرز، عملکرد دانه گندم کاهش یافت. علف‌کش‌ها ساختار جمعیتی علف‌های­هرز را تغییر دادند و باعث کاهش شاخص تنوع زیستی علف‌های هرز شدند همبستگی منفی و معنی‌داری بین عملکرد گندم و غنای گونه‌ای و شاخص تنوع شانون علف‌های هرز در هر دو سال آزمایش شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

حشره کش؛ علف کش؛ کشاورزی رایج

مراجع

1. Ahern, R.G. and Brewer, M.J. 2002. Effect of different wheat production systems on the presence of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae; Braconidae) of the Russian wheat aphid in the North American Great Plains. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 92, 201-210.

2. Alignier, A., Ricci, B., Petit, S., 2013. Identifying the relevant spatial and temporal scales in plant species occurrence models: the case of arable weeds in landscape mosaic of crops. Ecol. Complexity 15, 17–25.

3. Alizade, H., Norouzi, S., and Oveisi, M. 2014. Fundamentals of Weed Science. Tehran University Press, Tehran, Iran. 262pp.(In Persian)

4. Altieri, M.A. 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 19–31.

5. Armengot, L., Jose-Maria, L., Blanco-Moreno, J.M., Romero-Puente, A., Sans, F.X. 2011. Landscape and land-use effects on weed flora in Mediterranean cereal fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 142, 311–317.

6. Attwood, S.J., Maron, M., House, A.P.N., and C. Zammit. 2008. Do arthropod assemblages display globally consistent responses to intensified agricultural land use and management? Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 585–599.

7. Auskarniene, O., G. Psibisauskiene, A. Auskalnis and A. K. Kadzys. 2010. Cultivar and plant density influence on weediness in spring barely crops. Zemdirbyste Agric. 97, 53-60.

8. Baghestani-meibodi, M.A., Akbari, G.A., Atri, A,R., and Mokhtari, M. 2003. Competitive effects of rye (Secale cereale L.) on growth indices, yield and yield components of wheat, Pajouhesh & Sazandegi 61, 2-11. (In Persian with English abstract)

9. Banks, J. E., and J. D. Stark. 2004. Aphid response to vegetation diversityand insecticide applications. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103 : 595–599

10. Bushong, J., T., Peeper, M., Boyles and A. Stone. 2011. Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne), feral cereal rye (Secale cereale) and volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum) control in winter canola. Weed Technology 25(3) 344-349.

11. Cardina, J., Johnson, G.A., and Sparrow, D.H. 1997. The nature and consequence of weed spatial distribution. Weed Sci. 45, 364-373.

12. Chhokar, R.S., Singh, S., Sharma, R.K., 2008. Herbicides for control of isoproturonresistant little seed canary grass (Phalarisminor) in wheat. Crop Protection. 27, 719-730.

13. Delye, C. 2005. Weed resistance to acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase inhibitors: an update. Weed Science. 53, 728-746.

14. Derksen, D.A., Thomas, A.G., Lafond, G.P., Loepky, H.A., Swanton, C.J., 1995. Impact of post-emergence herbicides on weed community diversity within conservation tillage systems. Weed Research. 35, 311-320.

15. Elkoca, E., F. Kantar and Zengin, H. 2004. Effects of chemical and agronomical weed control treatments on weed density, yield and yield parameters of lentil (Lens culinaris L. Cv. Erzurum-89). Asian Journal of Plant Science. 3(2), 187-192.

16. Gabriel, D., Roschewitz, I., Tscharntke, T., and Thies, C. 2006. Beta diversity at different spatial scales: plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. Ecol. Appl. 16, 2011–2021.

17. Henckel, L., Borger, L., Meiss, H., Gaba, S., Bretagnolle, V., 2015. Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 201-205.

18. Hume, L. 1987. Long-term effects of 2, 4-D application on weed community in wheat crop .Canadian journal of Botany 65: 2530- 2536.

19. Hyvonen, T., Salonen, J., 2002. Weed species diversity and community composition in cropping practices at two intensity levels – a six-year experiment. Plant Ecol. 159, 73–81.

20. Jose-Maria, L., Armengot, L., Blanco-Moreno, J.M., Montserrat, B., Sans, F.X., 2010. Effects of agricultural intensification on plant diversity in Mediterranean dryland cereal fields. J. Appl. Ecol. 47, 832–840.

21. Kraehmer, H. 2016. Atlas of Weed Mapping. John Wiley & Sons.

22. Lemerle, D., G. S. Gill, C. E. Murphy, S. R. Walker, R. D. Cousens, S. Mokhtari, S. J. Peltzer, R. Coleman and D. J. Luckett. 2001. Genetic improvement and agronomy for enhanced wheat competitiveness with weed. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 52: 527–548.

23. Kurtz, M. E., and J. E. Street. Weed Technology. 2003. Volume 17:234–238.

24. Kudsk, P., Streibig, J.C., 2003. Herbicides two-edged sword. Weed Res. 43, 90-102.

25. Legere, A., Stevenson, F.C., Benoit, D.L., 2005. Diversity and assembly of weed communities: contrasting response across cropping systems. Weed Res. 45, 303-315.

26. Lemerle, D., G. S. Gill, C. E. Murphy, S. R. Walker, R. D. Cousens, S. Mokhtari, S. J. Peltzer, R. Coleman and Luckett, D. J., 2001. Genetic improvement and agronomy for enhanced wheat competitiveness with weed. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 52: 527–548.

27. Lososova, Z., Chytry, M., Cimalova, S., Kropac, Z., Otypkova, Z., Pysek, P., Tichy, L., 2004. Weed vegetation of arable land in Central Europe: gradients of diversity and species composition. J. Veg. Sci. 15, 415–422.

28. Manley, B.S., Wilson, H.P., Hines, T.E., 2002. Management programs and croprotations influence populations of annual grass weeds and yellow nutsedge. Weed Sci. 50, 112–119.

29. Marshall, E.J.P., Brown, V.K., Boatman, N.D., Lutman, P.J., Squire, G.R., Ward, L.K., 2003. The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields. Weed Res. 43, 77–89.

30. Menne, H. and Kocher, H, 2012. HRAC classification of herbicides and resistsnce development, Modern Crop Protection Compounds. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA.pp. 5-28.

31. Minbashi Moeini M., M.A. Baghestani and H. Rahimian Mashhadi.2008. Introducing abundance index for assessing weed flora in survey Studies .Weed Biology and Management Vol 8, 223-252.

32. Minbashi Moeini, M. 2009. Investigation on using of GIS (Geographic Information System) for weed mapping of dryland and irrigated wheat fields of Iran. Final report. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran. (In Persian with English abstract).

33. Minbashi Moeini, M. and Norouzzadeh, Sh. 2012. Study on persistence causes of weeds in wheat fields of temperate regions. 6th Iranian weed science conference. (In Persian with English Summary).

34. Mir-Vakili, M. and M. A. Baghestani. 2005. Effect of integrate of 2, 4-D and Clodinafop propagile in wheat fields of Yazd province. Proceeding of the 2nd Iranian Weed Sci. Cong. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Tehran (in Persian).

35. Nekahi, M. Z., A. Soltani, A. Siahmarguee and N. Bagherani. 2014. Yield gap associated with crop management in wheat (Case study: Golestan province-Bandar-Gaz). ElectronicJ.Crop Prod. 7:135-156. (In Persian with English abstract)

36. Nkoa, R., Owen, M. D. and Swanton, C. J. 2015. Weed abundance, distribution, diversity, and community analyses. Weed Science. 63: 64-90.

37. Norozzadeh, Sh. Rashed Mohasel, M.H. Nassiri Mahallati, M. Koocheki, A.R. AbbasPour, M. 2008. Evaluation of species, functional and structural diversity of weeds in wheat fields of Northern, Southern and Razavi Khorasan provinces. Iran Agricultural Research 6(2):471-485. (In Persian with English Summary).

38. Owen, M.D.K., 2008. Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops. Pest Management Science 64, 377–387.

39. Petit, S., Boursault, A., Le Guilloux, M., Munier-Jolain, N., Reboud, X., 2011. Weeds in agricultural landscapes: a review. Agron. Sustainable Dev. 31, 309–317.

40. Pimentel, D., U. Stachow, D.A. Takacs, H.W. Brubaker, A.R. Dumas, J. J. Meaney, J. A. S. O'Neil, D. E. Onsi, and D.B. Corzilius. 1992. Conserving biological diversity in agricultural / forestry systems. Bioscience. 42: 354-362.

41. Porazar, R. and M. A. Baghstani. 2004. The efficiency of new broadleaf herbicide in wheat fields in Khuzestan. 16nd Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Tehran (In Persian with English abstract).

42. Puricelli, E. and Tuesca, D. 2005. Weed density and diversity under glyphosate-resistant crop sequences. Crop Protection. 24, 533-542.

43. Pysek, P. and Leps, J. 1991. Response of a weed community to nitrogen fertilization: a multivariate analysis. J. Veg. Sci. 2, 237–244.

44. Radosevich, S. R., Holt, J. S. and Ghersa, C. 1997. Weed ecology: implications for management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.

45. Rahimian, H. and M. Bannayan. 1996. Principles of Crop Physiology and Breeding. Jahad-e-Daneshgahi Mashhad Press, pp. 344. (In Persian with English abstract).

46. Rahimian, H., A. Kucheki and E. Zand. 1998. Crop Evolution, Adaptation and Yield. Agricultural Education Publication. pp. 493. (In Persian with English abstract).

47. Requier, F., Odoux, J.F., Tamic, T., Moreau, N., Henry, M., Decourtye, A., Bretagnolle, V., 2015. Honey bee diet in intensive farmland habitats reveals an unexpectedly high flower richness and a major role of weeds. Ecol. Appl. 25, 881–890.

48. Rassam, G.A., Latifi, N., Soltani, A., and Kamkar, B. 2010. Effects of Crop factors and Soil characteristics on Weed Composition and Diversity in Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) Fields of Jajarm. Journal of Agroecology 2:343-352. (In Persian with English abstract)

49. Rundolf, M., Edlund, M., Smith, H.G., 2010. Organic farming at local and landscape scales benefits plant diversity. Ecography 33, 514–522.

50. Salehian, H., Ghanbari, A., Rahimian, H., and Majidi, A. 2003. Investigation of wheat and weeds interference in field condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 1:109-120. (In Persian with English abstract)

51. Stocking, M. 1999. Agrobiodiversity: A positive means of addressing land degradation and suitable rural livelihoods. In: Conacher, A. J. (Ed.), Land Degradation; Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 1-16.

52. Swanton, C.J., Shrestha, A., Knezevic, S.Z., Roy, R.C., and Ball-Oelho, B.R. 1999. Effect of tillage systems, no cover crop on the composition of weed flora. Weed Science 47: 454-461.

53. Swift, M.J., and J.M. Anderson. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in agroecosystems. In: Schultze, E., Mooney, H. A. (Eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer, New York. PP. 57-83.

54. Thrupp, L.A. 1998. Cultivating diversity: agrobiodiversity and food security. World Resource Institute, Washington D. C.

55. Veisi, M., Rahimian Mashhadi, H., Alizade, H., Minbashi Moeini, M. and H. Oveisi. 2014. Survey of flora change and weed community structure in irrigated wheat fields of Kermanshah Province in past decade. Iranian Journal of Weed Science. (In Persian with English abstract).

56. Walter, A.M., Christensen, S., Simmelsgaard, S.E., 2002. Spatial correlation between species densities and soil properties. Weed Res. 42, 26–38.

57. Zand, E. and Baghestani, M.A., 2008. A review on five years research on herbicide resistance in Iran. In Proceedings 2nd National Weed Science Congress, 29th-30th January, Mashhad, Iran. pp. 45-61.

58. Zand, E., Baghestani-meibodi, M.A., Nezam-abadi, N., Shimee, p., and Mousavi, K. 2017. A Guide to Chemical Control of Weed In Iran. Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. Mashhad. Iran. pp:224.(In persian).

59. Zimdahl, R. L. 2007. Weed-crop competition: a review. John Wiley and Sons, Ames, USA.

60. Zimdahl, R., 2018. Weed ecology and population dynamics Adam S. Davis, USDA-ARS, USA. In Integrated weed management for sustainable agriculture (pp. 25-50). Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing.