Effect of Plant Density on Allometric Relationships between Leaf Area and Vegetative Traits of Wheat

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 5, Volume 15, Issue 3 - Serial Number 47, October 2017, Pages 546-558   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v15i3.46036

Authors

B Zafari ghalehrodkhani^* ; A Soltani; E Zeinali; B Kamkar; M Firozfard

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

Abstract

Introduction
Crop models are the most important components of ecological models. These models could provide the possibility of crop systems prediction in addition to increase the understanding of their performance. Allometric relationships of plants show changes of growth of one part in comparison to other parts of the plant. Determine the appropriate plant density in crops, especially wheat has the high importance which affects some characteristics such as yield and yield component. This affects varies in different stages of plant growth.
Materials and Methods
This research has been done in research station of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (37,45N, 54,30E and 120m above sea level) in the growing season of 2012-13. The experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with four replications as base. Treatments consisted of two wheat cultivars (Koohdasht and Morvarid) and 7 plant densities (50, 100, 200, 350, 500, 650, 800 seed.m2). Each replication consisted of 14 plots and each plot had 10 rows with length of 5 m, width of 2 m and a row spacing of 20 cm. Plot distances from each other was 40 cm and block distances was 1 m to each other. Measurements were done from tillering to the end of the growing every 7 to 10 days (depending on weather conditions). Cumulative thermal units were calculated using GDD_Calc program. Power model and non-liner segmented regression model were used to describe allometric relationships.
Results and Discussion
For fitting equations related to leaf area versus days after planting, coefficient of determination was 0.73 and root mean square error ranged between 0.37 and 0.77 which revealed that the logistic model could well describe increasing leaf area during the time. There is a significant effect for a, b and c coefficients in different plant density of wheat and increasing density could lead to -the increasing coefficient and decreasing the a and b coefficients. In addition, regarding the relationship between leaf area and number of leaves in different plant density, coefficient of determination values greater than 0.87 and ranges of root mean square error between 9.65 and 24.39, belong to the plant densities of 800 and 50, respectively, which showed a good correlation between leaf area per plant and the numbers of leaves. In this regard, b coefficient has a significant difference in various wheat density.
The relationship between leaf area and green leaf dry weight coefficient of determination greater than 0.78 and the root mean square error between 31.44 and 17.68, respectively belong to plant density of 350 and 100 with no significant difference in b coefficient. In connection with the relationship between leaf area and plant height, coefficient of determination greater than 0.85 and the root mean square error between 9.29 and 21.13 cm.m-2.plant-1 respectively belong to plant density of 800 and 200. We found a significant difference in b coefficient and decrease about 0.0003 unit with increasing plant density.

Conclusions
The results of relation between leaf area of each plant with the number of leaves in main stem, dry weight of green leaf and plant height showed good allometirc correlation until booting stage (0.87, 0.78 and 0.85, respectively). In addition, significant effects were investigated for correlation between leaf area of each plant and the number of leaves and plant height, however, correlation between leaf area of each plant and dry weight of green leaf area of plant was not significant.

Keywords

Allometeric; Cultivar; Leaf area; Plant density; Vegetative traits

References

1. Akram-Ghaderi, F., Soltani, A., and Rezaie, J. 2005. Estimation of leaf area using cotton varieties vegetative features. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 11 (1): 15-23.

2. Arabamer, R. 2008. Predicting kernel number and biomass retrains location in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Thesis of MS.c, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources. 89p. (in Persian).

3. Bakhshandeh, A. 2011. Assessment of allometric relations in wheat. MS.c Thesis Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources. 104 p.

4. Bakhshandeh, A., Soltani, A., Zeynali, E., Kalatearabi, M., and Ghadiriyan, R. 2011. Assessment of allometric relations of leaf and vegetative traits in bread wheat and durum. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 13 (4): 642-657.

5. Ghorbani, M. H., and Hartoniyan, V. H. 2011. Density and row spacing on the growth and yield of wheat in dryland. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 4 (2): 139-154 P.

6. Hammer, G. L., Carberry, P. S. and Muchow, R. C. 1993. Modeling genotype and environmental control of leaf area dynamics in grain sorghum. I. Whole plant level. Field Crops Research 33: 293-310.

7. Han, J. R. 1973. Visual qualification of wheat development. Agron. J. 65: 116-119.

8. Jorgensen, P. D., Brooking, I. R., Semenov, M. A., and Porter, J. P. 1988. Making sense of wheat development: a critique of methodology. Field Crops Research 55: 117-127.

9. Kanemasu, E., Hellman, J., Bagley, J., and Powers, W. 1977. Using Landsat data to estimate evapotranspiration of winter wheat. Environmental Management 1: 515-520.

10. Labafihosienabadi, M. R., Elahdadi, A., Najafi, F., Akbari, G. A., Khalaj, H. V., and Ghavami, N. 2012. Predict leaf paper skin pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo. L.) with allometric relationships. National conference on natural products and herbs. Bojnoord University of Medical Sciences. P 373.

11. Lieth, J. H., Reynolds, J. F., and Rogers, H. H. 1986. Estimation of leaf area of soybeans grown under elevated carbon dioxide levels. Field Crops Research 13: 193-203.

12. Midori, O., Yoichiro, K., and Junko, Y. 2012. Allometric relationship between the size and number of shoots as a determinant of adaptations in rice to water-saving aerobic culture. Field Crops Research 131: 17-25.

13. Nehbandani, A., Soltani, A., Zeinali, E., Raeisi, S., Najafi, R. 2013. Allometric relationships between leaf area and vegetative characteristics in soybean. International journal of agriculture and crop sciences 6 (16): 1127-1136.

14. Niklas, K. J. 1994. Plant allometry, the scaling of form and process. Chicago: University of Chicago press. 81: 339-344.

15. Payne, W. A., Went, C. W., Hossner, L. R., and Gates, C. E. 1991. Estimating pearl millet leaf area and specific leaf area. Agronomy Journal 83: 937-941.

16. Pengelly, B. C., Blamey, F. P. C., and Nuchow, R. C. 1999. Radiation interception and the accumulation of biomass and nitrogen by soybean and three tropical annual forage legumes. Field Crops Research 63: 99-112.

17. Rahemikarizaki, A., Soltani, A., Porreza, J., Zeynali, A., and Sarparast, R. 2006. Allometric relationship between leaf and vegetative parts of the plant. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 13: 49-59.

18. Rahemi-karizaki, A. 2005. Predicting interception and use of solar radiation in chickpea. Thesis of MS.c. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources. 89 p. (in Persian).

19. Sharrett, B. S., and Baker, D. G. 1985. Alfalfa leaf area as a function of dry matter. Crop Science 26: 1040-1042.

20. Soltani, A. 2009. Mathematical modeling in crop plants. Press SID Mashhad. P 175.

21. Soltani, A., Robertson, M. J., Mohammad Nejad, Y., and Rahemi-Karizaki, A. 2006. Modeling chickpea growth and development Leaf production and senescence. Field Crops Research 138: 14-23.

22. Tsialtas, J. T., and Maslaris, N. 2008. Leaf allometry and prediction of specific leaf area (SLA) in a suger beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars. J. Photosynthetica. 46: 351-355.

23. Van Ittersum, M. K., and Donatelli, M. 2003. Modeling cropping systems highlights of the symposium and preface to the special issues. European Journal of Agronomy 18: 187-197.