Evaluation of Different Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) Genotypes for Agronomic and Qualitative Characters

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 7, Volume 15, Issue 4 - Serial Number 48, January 2018, Pages 872-884   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v15i4.55994

Authors

S Ansari; S. A. M Mirmohammady Maibody^* ; A Arzani; P Golkar

Isfahan University of Technology

Abstract

Introduction
Genetic variation is essential for the success of breeding programs and is vital to helping the genetic improvement of Triticale. Understanding patterns of genetic diversity in the Triticale and use of its genetic resources on a practical basis may help to establish appropriate procedures for breeding genetic materials. It can be used as a benchmark for classifying parenting lines and favorable heterotic groups in triticale. Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) has considerable potential either as a grain crop or forage crop, but has received little attention from breeding programs in Iran.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted to study the genetic diversity and the performance of triticale cultivars imported from Poland and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) using some agro-morphological traits. Forty one triticale genotypes were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. Agronomic characteristics comprising plant height (cm), length of the last node (cm), flag leaf length (cm), spike length (cm), thousand seed weight (g), the number of spike per m2, seed yield (tha-1), grain number per spike, number of spikelets per spike, harvest index, test weight (kg hectoliter), biological yield (ton ha-1), wet and dry gluten content (%) were measured. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software. The multivariate analysis procedures used to analyze the collected data and to investigate relationships among variables. Mean comparison was conducted using LSD range test (at 5% level). The unweighted neighbour joining (UNJ) cluster analysis was carried out using NT-SYS software.
Results and Discussion
Analysis of variance showed that genotypes were significantly different in all characters. The measured traits varied in coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation. The highest coefficients of genotypic (41.7%) and phenotypic (44.9%) coefficient of variation were belonged to wet gluten content. The least coefficient of genotypic (4.5%) and phenotypic (7%) variation was denoted to test weight. Simple mean comparisons for seed yield of Triticale showed that the highest seed yield (11.84 ton ha-1) was denoted to Sorento genotype from Poland and the least seed yield (5.5 ton ha-1) to Beaglel and EMA genotypes (from CYMMYT). Using stepwise regression analysis, 98.8% of seed yield variation was attributed to two traits, including harvest index, and biological yield. Correlation analysis showed the significant relation of number of spikelets per spike, and spike length with grain yield. The results of the factor analysis revealed that five factors namely, plant height, grain yield and their components, biological yield, harvest index gluten content explained 80% of total variances of the grain yield. Cluster analysis of genotypes based on agronomic and protein content traits grouped the genotypes into four separate clusters. In categorization based on collected data, the fourth group included genotype from Poland origin (Prego, Lamberto, Moreno, Lasko, Dagro, Sorento, Fidelio, LAD1900, RH116, Tewo, Disco, Vero, DAD601, Pinokio and Magnat) with the highest value for biological yield, seed yield, number of spikelet per spike, plant height, spike length and the length of the last internode. These clusters have beneficial characteristics and are useful for plant breeding purposes.
Conclusions
Based on the data reported here, the scientific use of multivariate statistical analysis including stepwise regression analysis, principle component and cluster analysis of genotypes revealed subjectivity of these methods as a suitable way to exploit intraspecific variation within triticale and evaluate its genetic resources for their agronomic value and the amount of genetic variation for specific traits to allow more efficient genetic improvement. The identified superior genotypes such as Sorento could be used in hybridization programs for improvement the seed yield in triticale.

Keywords

Diversity; Multivariate protein; Seed yield

References

1. Al-hakimi, A., and Jardat, A. A. 1988. Primitive tetraploid wheat species to improve drought tolerance in durum wheat. Proceeding of the 3th International Triticeae Symposium, Aleppo, Syria, 4-8 May 1997. pp.: 305-312.

2. Ammar, K., Mergoum, M., and Rajaram, S. 2004. The history and evolution of triticale. Pp 2-9 in M. Mergoum, and H. Mergoum eds. Triticale Improvement and Production. FAO.

3. Araus, L., Slafer G. A., Reynolds M. P., and Royo C. 2002. Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: What should we breed for. Annals of Botany 89: 925-940.

4. Asins, M. J., and Carbonel, E. A. 1986. A comparative study of variability and phylogeny of Triticum species. Theoretical and Applied Genetetics 72: 551- 558.

5. Association of Cereal Chemists. 1983. Approved Methods of the AACC. 38-10, approved April 1961, reviewed October 1982.

6. Baltensperger, D. D. 2003. Cereal Grains and Pseudo-Cereals.Encyclopedia of Food and Culture.Retrieved May 14, 2016 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403400119.html.

7. Bittle, D. C., and Gustafson, J. P. 1991. High molecular weight glutenin from wheat for triticale flour improvement. Proceeding of the 2nd.International Triticale Symposium, Mexico. D. F. CIMMYT. P. 550-553.

8. Boros, D. 2002. Physico- chemical quality indicators suitable in selection of triticale for high nutritive value.Proceeding of the 5th International Triticale Symposium. Radzikow, Poland. 1: 239- 244.

9. Dhindsa, G. S., Dosanjh, A. S., Sohu, V. S., Dhindsa, J. S., and Goyali, J. C. 2002. Genotype × environment interaction for yield components in hexaploid triticale. Proceeding of the 5th International Triticale Symposium, Radzikow, Poland. 2: 333- 336.

10. Eudes, F. 2015. Triticale, Springer. 257 pp.

11. Farokhzadeh, S., Shahsavand-Hassani, H., and MohammadiNejad, Gh. 2013. Evaluation of genetic diversity of primary tritipyrum, triticale and bread wheat genotypes. Journal of Agronomy Sciences 9: 93-112 (in Persian with English abstract).

12. Fida, M., Abdalla, O. S., Rajaram, S., Yaljarouka, A., Khan, N. U., Khan, A. Z., Khalil, Sh., Kh., Khalil, I. H., Ijaz, A., and Jadoon, S. A. 2011. Additive main effect and multiplicative analysis of synthetic-derived bread wheat under varying moisture regimes. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43 (2): 1205-1210.

13. Govindaraj, M., Vetriventhan, M., and Srinivasan, M. 2015. Importance of genetic diversity assessment in crop plants and its recent advances: An overview of its analytical perspectives. Genetics Research International 1: 1-15.

14. Gulmezoglu, N., Alpu, O., and Ozer, E. 2010. Comparative performance of triticale and wheat grains by using path analysis. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 16 (4): 443-453.

15. Gupta, D., Mittal, R. K., Kant, A., and Singh M. 2007. Association studies for agro-physiological and quality traits of triticale x bread wheat derivatives in relation to drought and cold stress. J. Environ. Biol. 28 (2): 265-269.

16. Haussmann, B. I. G., Parzies, H. K., Presterl, T., Susic, Z., and Miedaner, T. 2004. Plant genetic resources in crop improvement. Plant Genetic Resources 2 (1): 3-21.

17. Johnson, R. A., and Wichern, D. W. 1988. Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Prentice Hall International Inc.

18. Josephides, C. M. 1992. Analysis of adaptation of barley, triticale, durum and bread wheat under Mediterranean conditions. Euphytica 65 (1): 1-8.

19. Kamyab, M., Hassani, H., and Tohidinejad, E. 2009. Agronomic behavior of a new cereal (Tritipyrum: AABBEbEb) compared with modern Triticale and Iranian bread wheat cultivars. Plant Ecophysiology 2: 69-80.

20. Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., and Muller, K. E. 1988. Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. PWS-Kent Publication Company, Boston.

21. Kociuba, W. 2002. Differentiation of the yielding features in winter and spring X Triticosecale Wittmack collection. Proceeding of the 5th International Triticale Symposium, Radzikow, Poland 2: 357-365.

22. Kociuba, W., and Kramek, A. 2014. Variability of yield traits and disease resistance in winter triticale genetic resources accessions. Acta Agrobotanica 67 (2): 67-76.

23. Lamadji, S., Fautrier, A. G., McNeil, D. L., and Sedcole, J. R. 1995. Proposed breeding strategy for yield improvement of hexaploid triticale (X triticosecale Wittmack) 1. Genetic variability and phenotypic stability. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 23: 1-11.

24. Lelley, T. 2006. Triticale: A Low-input Cereal with Untapped Potential. p. 395-430 in J. R. Singh ed. Genetic Resources, Choromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement. Vol 2. CRC Press, BocaRaton.

25. Moghaddam, M., Mohammadi Shoti, S. A., and Aghaie Sarbarzeh, M. 1994. Multivariate Statistical Methods.Pishtaz Elm Publications. Tabriz, Iran. 208 pp. (in Persian).

26. Mohammadi, S. A., and Prasanna, B. M. 2003. Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants-salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science 43: 1235-1248.

27. Narain, P. 2000. Genetic diversity conservation and assessment, Current Science 79 (2): 170-175.

28. Nascimento, W. M. 2003. Muskmelon seed germination and seedling development in response to seed priming. Scientica Agricola 60: 71-75.

29. Oettler, G. 2005. The fortune of a botanical curiosity – Triticale: past, present and future. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 143: 329-346.

30. Oettler, G., Wietholter, S., and Horst, W. J. 1998. Genetic variation for yield and other agronomic traits of triticale grown on acid, aluminum toxic soil in southern Brazil. Proceeding of the 4th International Triticale Symposium, Alberta, Canada. 1: 267-271.

31. Rao, R. V., and Hodgkin, T. 2002. Genetic diversity and conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 68: 1-19.

32. Rivero, R. M., Shulaev, V., and Blumwald, E. 2009. Cytokinin-dependent photorespiration and the protection of photosynthesis during water deficit. Journal of Plant Physiology 150: 1530-1540.

33. Saldivar, S. O., Flores, S. G., and Rios, R. V. 2004. Potential of triticale as substitute for wheat in flour tortilla production. Cereal Chemistry 81: 220-225.

34. SAS, Institute. 2011. Base SAS 9.3 procedures guide. SAS Inst., Cary, NC.

35. Simmonds, N., and Smartt, J. (Editor). 1999. Principles of Crop Improvement, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell, 424 pages.

36. Skovmand, B., Fox, P. N., and Vil-laread, R. L. 1984. Triticale in commerical agriculture: Progress and promise. Advances in Agronomy 37: 1-45.

37. Varughese, G., Pfeiffer W. H., and Pena R. J. 1996. Triticale: a successful alternative crop. Cereal Foods World 41: 474- 482.