تأثیر جهت‌های شیب متفاوت بر برخی ویژگی ها و تکامل خاک های جنگلی (مطالعه موردی: رستم آباد، استان گیلان)

آب و خاک

مقاله 8، دوره 29، شماره 3، مرداد 1394، صفحه 648-662   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.v0i0.31149

نویسندگان

مسلم زرینی بهادر¹؛ کمال نبی اللهی²؛ مهدی نوروزی^{* 3}

¹دانشگاه شهرکرد

²دانشگاه کردستان

³دانشگاه تبریز

چکیده

این مطالعه به منظور بررسی تأثیر جهت های متفاوت شیب بر پیدایش و ویژگی های خاک، در خاک های جنگلی منطقه رستم آباد شمالی در استان گیلان انجام شده است. پنج خاکرخ در دامنة جنوبی تپه با پوشش جنگلی انجیلی- بلوط و پنج خاکرخ در دامنة شمالی تپه با همان پوشش جنگلی با شیب برابر 40 درصد و مواد مادری مشابه آندزیت بازالتی حفر شد. نتایج حاصل از آزمون های تجزیه واریانس چند متغیره (MANOVA) و T2 هتلینگ اختلاف کلی خصوصیات خاک را بین دو جهت شیب متفاوت نشان داد. نتایج آزمون t نشان داد مقدار pH، شن، نسبت شن به رس و فسفر قابل دسترس در شیب جنوبی بیشتر از شیب شمالی بوده است. مقدار رس و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی در شیب شمالی به‌طور معنی داری بیشتر از شیب جنوبی می باشد. مطالعات میکرومورفولوژیکی نشان داد که فعالیت بیولوژیکی قوی تر در شیب شمالی نسبت به شیب جنوبی وجود دارد. بیشتر بودن تجمع رس درون حفرات، قطعات پوشش رسی (پاپیول)، حفرات چمبر، نودول ها و ریزلایه های اکسید آهن- منگنز در شیب شمالی، و بقایای سنگی بیشتر در شیب جنوبی، همگی از دلایل هوادیدگی بیشتر خاک در شیب شمالی نسبت به شیب جنوبی می باشد. بطور کلی شیب جنوبی، دارای خاک های با تحول کمتر (انتی سول) و شیب شمالی دارای خاک های با تکامل بیشتر (آلفی سول) می باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بیولوژی خاک؛ خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک؛ میکرومورفولوژی خاک؛ نودول های اکسید آهن- منگنز

مراجع

1- Bardy M., and Fritsch E. 2008. Micromorphology and spectroscopic characteristics of organic matter in waterlogged podzols of the upper Amazon basin. Geoderma, 145:222-230.

2- Begum F., Bajracharya R., Sharma S., and Sitaula B.K. 2010.Influence ofslope aspect on soil physico-chemical and biological properties in the mid hills of central Nepal. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 17(5): 438 - 443

3- Birkeland P.W. 1999. Soils and Geomorphology.3nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York.

4- Blake G.R., and Hartge K.H. 1986. Bulk density, In: A. Klute (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, 2nd ed. Part 1- Physical and mineralogical methods, Agronomy Monograph. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 9:363-375.

5- Bremner J.M. 1996. Nitrogen-total. In: Methods of soil analysis, Part 3- chemical methods. Agronomy Monograph. (Eds. Sparks DL), ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 9:1085-1121.

6- Brewer R., and Sleeman J.R. 1964. Glaebules: their definition, classification and interpretation. European Journal of Soil Science, 15: 66-78.

7- Broxton P.D., Troch P.A., and Lyon S.W. 2009. On the role of aspect to quantify water transit times in small mountainous catchments. Water Resources Research, 45: W08427, doi:10.1029/2008WR007438.

8- Bullock P., Fedoroff N., Jongerius A., Stoops G., and Tursina T. 1986. Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description, Waine Research Publishers, Wolverhalpton. p.182.

9- Casanova M., Messing I., and Joel A. 2000. Influence of aspect and slope gradient on hydraulic conductivity measured by tension infiltrometer. Hydrological Processes, 14(1):155–164.

10- Castorena C., and Sanchez P. 2007. Clay coating formation in tepetates from Texcoco, Mexico. Catena, 71:411-424.

11- Chen Z.S., Hsieh C.F., Jiang F.Y., Hsieh T.H., and Sun I.F. 1997. Relationship of soil properties totopography and vegetationin a subtropical rain forest in southern Taiwan, Plant Ecology. 132:229–241.

12- Darvish zadeh. A. 1992. Iran geology. Amir Kabir publication, Tehran.)in Persian(

13- Davidson A.D. 2002. Impact of fauna on an upland grassland soil as determined by micromorphological analysis. Geoderma, 20:133-143.

14- Fisher R.F., and Binkley D. 2000. Ecology and management of forest soils. 3nd ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York. p.489.

15- Gee G.W. 2002. Particle-size analysis. In: Dane, J. H. and Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 4- Physical methods. Monograph. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 9:255-293.

16- Geroy I.J., Gribb M.M., Marshall H.P., Chandler D.G., Benner S.G., and Mc Namara J.P. 2011. Aspect influences on soil water retention and storage. Hydrology journal. Process, 25: 3836-3842.

17- Griffiths R.P., Madrich M., and Swanson A. 2009. The effects of topography on forest soil characteristics in the Oregon Cascade Mountains (USA): Implications for the effects of climate change on soil properties. Forest and Ecology Management, 257:1-7.

18- Habibi Bibalani G., and majnonian B. 2005. Increased Stability of Landslide prone Slopes from Iron-wood Trees (Parrotia persica). Environmental Sciences, 8:21-28. (in Persian)

19- Hagen-Thorn A., Callesen I., Armolaitis K., and Nihlgard B. 2004. The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantation on former agricultural land. Forest and Ecology Management. 195:373-384.

20- Khormali F., and Shamsi S. 2009. Micromorphology and quality attributes of the loess derived soils affected by land use change: a case study in Ghapan watershed, northern Iran. Journal of Mountain Science. 6:197–204.

21- Khumalo G., Holechek J., Thomas M., and Molinar F. 2008. Soil depth and climatic effects on desert vegetation dynamics. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 61:269–274.

22- Kirschbaum M.U.F. 1995. The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic storage. Soil Biol. Biochem, 27: 753–760.

23- Klemmedson J.O., and Wienhold B.J. 1992.Aspect and species influences on nitrogen andphosphorus in Arizona chaparral soil-plantsystem. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 6:105–116.

24- Kooistria M.J., and Pulleman M.M. 2010. Features related to faunal activity. In: Interpretation of micromorphological features of soils and regoliths. Stoops, G. Marcelino V. Mees F. (Eds.). Elsevier’s Science and Technology. Oxford, UK.p.109-127.

25- Kramer S., and Green D.M. 2000. Acid and alkaline phosphatase dynamics and their relationship to soil microclimate in a semiarid woodland, Soil Biol. Biochem. 32:179–188.

26- Kuo S. 1996. Phosphorus. In: Methods of soil analysis, Part 3- chemical methods. Agronomy Monograph. (Ed. DL Sparks), ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, 9:869-920.

27- Kutiel P., and Lavee H. 1999. Effect of slope aspect on soil and vegetation properties along anaridity transect. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 47:169–178.

28- Lindbo D.L., Stolt M.H., and Vepraskas M.J. 2010. Redoximorphic Features. In: Interpretation of micromorphological features of soils and regoliths. Stoops G. Marcelino V. and Mees F. (Eds.). Elsevier’s Science and Technology, Oxford, UK. P.129-147.

29- Marcela I. 2007. Neighbor leaf-cutting ants and mound-building termites: comparative nest micromorphology. Geoderma. 141:224-234.

30- McKenzie N.J., and Ryan P.J. 1999. Spatial prediction of soil propertiesusing environmentalcorrelation. Geoderma, 89:67–94.

31- Miura K., Araki Sh., and Kyuma K. 1988. Genesis of soils derived from various type of parent rock in southwestern Japan. I. Morphological and general characteristics. Soil Science Plant Nutriet, 34:1-16.

32- Murphy C.P. 1986. Thin Section Preparation of Soils and Sediments. A&B Academic Publ. Berkhamsted. p.149.

33- Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1996. Total carbone, organic carbone, and organic matter. In: Sparks, D. L., (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 3- chemical methods. Agronomy Monograph. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 9:961-1010.

34- Olivero A.M., and Hix D.M. 1998. Influence of slope aspect and stand age on ground flora of southeastern Ohio forest ecosystems. Plant Ecology, 139:177–187.

35- Parsakhoo A., and Jalilvand H. 2009. Effects of iron wood (Parrotia persica C.A. Meyer) leaf litter on forest soil nutrients content. American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci, 5:244-249.

36- Roohi moghaddam A., Hosaeni S., Ebrahimi M., Rahmani A., Tabari koochak A., and Saraee M. 2006. The effect of mixing rates on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of oak – zelkova plantation. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 77:155-168. (in Persian)

37- Sabeti H. 2008. Forests, trees and shrubs of Iran. Yazd university publication. (in Persian)

38- Sauer D., Schellmann G., and Stahr K. 2007. A soil chronosequence in the semi-arid environment of Patagonia (Argentina). Catena, 71:382–393.

39- Schoeneberger P.J., Wysocki D.A., Benham E.C. Field book for describing and sampling soils. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE.

40- Smith TJ. 2010. Using soil moisture trends a cross topographic gradients to examine controls on semi-arid ecosystem dynamics. M.Sc. Thesis Boise State University. 193 pp.

41- Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11nd ed. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

42- Stoops G. 2003.Guidelines for analysis and description of soil and regolith thin sections. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. p.184.

43- Stotzky G. Soil as an environment for microbial life. 1997. In: J.D.Van Elsas J.T. Trevors .M.H. Wellington (Eds.), Modern Soil Microbiology, Marcel Dekker, New York. p. 1–20.

44- Sumner M.E., and Miller W.P. 1996. Cations exchange capacity and Exchange Coefficients. In: Sparks, D.L. (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 3- chemical methods. Agronomy Monograph. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 9:1201-1230.

45- Tatsuhara S., and Kurashige H. 2001. Estimating foliage biomass in a natural deciduous broad-leaved forest area in a mountainous district. Forest Ecol. Manage. 152:141–148.

46- Tesfa TK., and Tarboton DG. Chandler DG. and Mc Namara JP. 2009. Modeling soil depth from topographic and land cover attributes. Water Resources Research 45: W10438, DOI: 10.1029/2008WR007474.

47- Thomas G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. In: Methods of soil analysis, Part 3- chemical methods. Agronomy Monograph. (Ed. DL Sparks), ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. 9:475-490.

48- Tsui C.C., Chen Z.S., and Hsieh C.F. Relationships between soilproperties and slope position in a lowland rain forest ofsouthern Taiwan. 2004. Geoderma, 123:131–142.

49- Yimer F., Sting L., and Adelkadir A. Soil property variations inrelation to topographic aspect and vegetation community inthe south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia. 2006. For. Ecol. Manage, 232:90–99.

50- Zhang C., Sha X.A., Guobin B., Liu. C., and Changsheng Z. D. 2012. Effects of Slope Aspect on Soil Chemical and Microbial Properties during Natural Recovery on Abandoned Cropland in the Loess Plateau, China. Advanced Materials Research, 360:2422-2429.