اثر نظام‌های خاک‌ورزی و گیاه پوششی کلزا بر خصوصیات کیفی خاک، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد آفتابگردان

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

مقاله 4، دوره 16، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 51، مهر 1397، صفحه 599-614   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/gsc.v16i3.68952

نویسندگان

شیلان فعله گری؛ جواد حمزه ئی^* ؛ محسن نائل

دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

چکیده

حفظ بقایای گیاهی در سطح خاک و کاربرد فن‌آوری‌های مناسب مانند استفاده از خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی می‌تواند در افزایش عملکرد گیاهان زراعی تأثیرگذار باشد. این آزمایش، با هدف بررسی تأثیر چهار ساله‌ی روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی (بدون خاک‌ورزی، خاک‌ورزی حداقل و مرسوم) در شرایط حضور و عدم حضور گیاه پوششی کلزا بر شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک (کربن آلی خاک و عناصر غذایی پرمصرف (NPK))، عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک و اجزای عملکرد آفتابگردان اجرا شد. آزمایش با آرایش فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال 1393 و در منطقه دستجرد همدان انجام شد. تمامی ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی شامل کربن آلی، عناصر غذایی پر مصرف (NKP)، عملکرد بیولوژیک و اجزای عملکرد آفتابگردان به‌طور معنی‌داری (در سطح 1 درصد) تحت تأثیر تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی و گیاه پوششی قرار گرفتند، برهمکنش خاک‌ورزی× گیاه پوششی برای کربن آلی، نیتروژن، تعداد دانه در طبق و قطر طبق در سطح 1 درصد معنی‌دار بود، اما برای دیگر شاخص‌های مورد مطالعه غیرمعنی‌دار بود. در تیمار خاک‌ورزی حداقل×گیاه پوششی میزان کربن آلی 5/2 برابر نسبت به تیمار خاک‌ورزی مرسوم× بدون گیاه پوششی (شاهد) افزایش داشت، این افزایش برای سایر شاخص‌ها نیز مشاهده شد (فسفر 80 درصد، پتاسیم 30 درصد، نیتروژن 5/20 درصد، قطر طبق 67 درصد، تعداد دانه در طبق 61 درصد، وزن صد دانه 27 درصد، عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک آفتابگردان به‌ترتیب 34 و 5/39 درصد). درصد پوکی دانه در تیمار خاک‌ورزی حداقل× گیاه پوششی نسبت به خاک‌ورزی مرسوم× بدون گیاه پوششی (شاهد) 5/2 برابر کم‌تر اندازه‌گیری شد. کلزا به دلیل تولید ماده خشک بیش‌تر در واحد سطح می‌تواند در افزایش ماده آلی خاک و بهبود شرایط فیزیکی آن مؤثر باشد. اعمال تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی حداقل و کشت گیاه پوششی کلزا موجب افزایش ذخایر مواد آلی، بهبود کیفیت خاک و عملکرد آفتابگردان گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی؛ عملکرد زراعی؛ عناصر غذایی پرمصرف؛ ماده آلی خاک؛ مدیریت بقایا

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