Effect of Fertilizer Management on Some Chemical Properties of Soil and Absorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Elements by Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 1, Volume 17, Issue 2 - Serial Number 54, July 2019, Pages 187-205   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v17i2.67458

Authors

H Javadi¹; P Rezvani Moghaddam^{* 1}; M.H Rashed Mohasel¹; M. J Seghatoleslami²

¹Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

²Azad University of Birjand

Abstract

Introduction
Legumes are widely used in agricultural systems as green manure due to their ability to stabilize nitrogen in the soil, as well as providing conditions for beneficial soil microorganisms. Organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and manure have high capacity for water absorption and the maintenance of water and nutrients, high porosity, ventilation and appropriate drainage in the soil. Recently, bio-fertilizers have also been used to improve nutrient uptake and root development of plants along with chemical fertilizers. Lack of organic matter in most soils of Iran and its calcite properties will double the need to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers. Due to the lack of information on nutritional management of medicinal plants, and in order to increase soil fertility and the need to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, this study was done to investigate the effect of different fertilizers on some soil chemical properties and the absorption of N and P elements in Birjand.
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out in two separate experiments during two growing years from 2014 to 2016 at the research farm of Birjand University with 3 replications. During the first experiment, the effect of four levels of green manures, including control, Eruca sativa, Vicia villosa, mix Eruca sativa + Vicia villosa and three levels of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg.ha-1) on Purslane was studied. Furthermore, during the second experiment, the treatments were combination of four sources of nitrogen supply, including cow manure, vermicompost, chemical fertilizers (NPK) and control, as well as four types of biofertilizers, including Azotobacter and Azospirilum, Glomus intraradices, Thiobacillus with sulfur and control on Purslane was studied. The studied traits were included grain yield and soil chemical properties such as organic carbon, the percentage of nitrogen, absorbable phosphorus, pH, EC and nitrogen and phosphorus content of biomass. The percentage of nitrogen in plant tissue was measured by Kjeldahl method and the percentage of phosphorus was measured by Morphy and Riley method. Furthermore, the organic carbon in soil was determined by Walkley- Black method, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were measured using the Kjeldahl and Olsen methods, respectively. The soil acidity was determined on the saturated water through pH meter and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract was determined through EC meter. After collecting data, statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 software. LSD test was used at the 5% probability level to compare the averages.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the application of green manure increased the organic carbon and nitrogen content of soil, the amount of phosphorus absorbed by soil and decreased soil pH. Among green manure treatments, Vicia villosa was superior to the others. Also, using nitrogen fertilizer increased grain yield and the amount of absorbed phosphorus, soil electrical conductivity and reduced soil pH. Among nitrogen supply sources, cow manure had the greatest impact on grain yield and soil chemical properties, but the role of biofertilizer application was limited to increasing the amount of available phosphorus in the soil. Therefore, the role of cow manure in improving the chemical status of soil was superior to the others. Due to the low soil organic matter in most arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, especially South Khorasan, it seems that proper usage of organic resources can improve soil conditions of these areas for the growth and yield of medicinal plants such as Purslane.
Conclusions
In this study, in order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and to absorb the maximum amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, the Purslane biomass was treated with mix Eruca sativa + Vicia villosa without using nitrogen fertilizer and combined treatment of cow manure and mycorrhiza.  The results recommended that combination of cow manure and mycorrhiza is suitable approach under Birjand condition.

Keywords

Biosulfur; Cow manure; Mycorrhiza; Nitroxin; Vermicompost

References

1. Adekiya, A. O., Agbede, T. M., Aboyeji, C. M., Dunsin, O., and Ugbe, J. O. 2017. Green manures and NPK fertilizer effects on soil properties, growth, yield, mineral and vitamin C composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16 (4): 1-6.

2. Ahmad Abadi, Z., Ghajar Sepanlou, M., and Rahimi Alashti, S. 2012. Effect of vermicompost on physical and chemical properties of soil. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 15 (58): 125-137.

3. Azeez, J. O., Van Averbeke, A. B., and Okorogbona, A. O. M. 2010. Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology 101: 2499-2505.

4. Bremner, J. M., and Mulvaney, C. S. 1965. Nitrogen-total. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Page, A.L. (Ed). 1982. Second Edition. American Society of Agronomy Inc. Madison, Wisconsin USA. Agronomy Series 9 (2): 595-622.

5. Concepcion Ramos, M. 2017. Changes in soil hydrological and chemical properties of vineyard soils after composted cattle manure application. Geophysical Research Abstracts 19: 1.

6. Dabighi, K. H., Fateh, E., and Ayenehband, A. 2016. Effect of different green manure crops and nitrogen sources on grain yield, oil content and some qualitative traits of canola (Brassica napus) var. 401. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 108: 95-104. (in Persian with English abstract).

7. Den Hollander, N. G., Bastiaans, L., and Kropff, M. J. 2007. Clover as a cover crop for weed suppression in an intercropping design. II. Competitive ability of several clover species. European Journal of Agronomy 26: 104-112.

8. Ebrahimian, E., Koocheki, A., Nasiri Mahalati, M., Khorramdel, S., and Beheshti, A. 2017. Influence of tillage systems and wheat stubble levels on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Journal of Crops Improvement 18 (4):893-905. (in Persian with English abstract).

9. Ebrahimpour, F., Eidizadeh, Kh., Mahdavi Damghani, A., and Rezvani, M. 2012. Effects of aiofertilizer application method with integrated chemical fertilizers on Maize production and some chemical characteristics of soil. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10 (1): 240-246. (in Persian with English abstract).

10. Ghalavand, A., Mohammadi, K., Agha Alikhani, M., and Sohrabi, Y. 2009. Effect of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on chickpea grain yield and quality. Journal of Water and Soil Science 1/19 (2): 213-234. (in Persian with English abstract).

11. Ghamari, H., Shafaghkolvagh, J., Sabaghpoure, S. H., and Dabbagh Mohamadi Nassba, A. 2016. Effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on some morpho-physiological traits of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. and C.A. Mey) cultivated under intercropping system. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 8 (1): 112-117.

12. Gholami, A., Akbari, I., and Abbas Dokht, H. 2015. Study the effects of bio and organic fertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgar). Agroecology 7 (2): 215-224. (in Persian with English abstract).

13. Hooker, K. V., Coxon, C. E., Hackett, R., Kirwan, L. E., O’Keeffe, E., and Richards, K. G. 2008. Evaluation of cover crop and reduced cultivation for reducing nitrate leaching in Ireland. Journal of Environmental Quality 37: 138-145.

14. Hoyle, F. C., Murphy, D. V., and Fillery, I. R. P. 2006. Temperature changes and stubble management influence microbial CO2-C evaluation and gross N transformation rates. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 71-80.

15. Inanloofar, M., Omidi, H., and Pazoki, A. R. 2013. Morphological, agronomical changes and oil content in Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under drought stress and biological /chemical fertilizer of nitrogen. Journal of Medicinal Plant 48: 170-184. (in Persian with English abstract).

16. Jahan, M., Amiri, M. B., Aghhavani Shajari, M., and Tahami, M. K. 2014. Quantity and quality of Cucurbita pepo L. as affected by winter cover crops (Lathyrus sativus and Trifolium resopinatum), PGPRs and organic manures. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11 (2): 337-356. (in Persian with English abstract).

17. Javadi, H., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Seghatoleslami, M. J., and Mosavi, Gh. R. 2017. Effect of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of common Purslane (Protulaca Oleracea L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 15 (1): 113-123. (in Persian with English abstract).

18. Kafi, M., and Rahimi, Z. 2010. Effect of salinity on germination characteristics of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8 (4): 615-621. (in Persian with English abstract).

19. Kohanmoo, M. A., Aghaalikhani, M., and Rejali, F. 2015. Yield and quality response of three chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) ecotypes to biofertilizers application in Bushehr region. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 31 (3): 460-478. (in Persian with English abstract).

20. Mirzashahi, K., Paknejad, A. R., and Omidvari, Sh. 2016. Effect of rotation, management of nitrogen application, and plant residue on corn (cv.SC704) yield and some soil chemical properties. Iranian Journal of Soil Reserch 30 (2): 115-124. (in Persian with English abstract).

21. Mohiti, A., Shahsavani, S., and Gholami, A. 2011. Effect of cow manure, urea fertilizer and Nitroxine manure on some physical and chemical properties of soil and yield of forage corn. MSc. Thesis of Shahrood University. (in Persian with English abstract).

22. Morphy, J., and Riley, J. P. 1962. Phosphorus analysis procedure. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Page, A. L. (Ed). 1982. Second Edition. Madison, Wisconsin USA. pp. 413-427.

23. Nasirzade, S., Fallah, S., Kiani, Sh., and Mohammadkhani, A. 2015. Effect of different levels of cow manure and urea on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forssk.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 31(1): 41-51. (in Persian with English abstract).

24. Ngo, P. T., Rumpel, C., Doan, T., and Jouquet, P. 2012. The effect of earthworms on carbon storage and soil organic matter composition in tropical soil amended with compost and vermicompost. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 50: 214-220.

25. Nourihoseini, S. M., Khorassani, R., Astaraei, A. R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Zabihi, H. R. 2016. Effect of different fertilizer resources and humic acid on some morphological criteria, yield and antioxidant activity of black zira seed (Bunium persicum Boiss). Applied Field Crops Research 29 (4): 87-104. (in Persian with English abstract).

26. Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watenabe, F. S., and Dean, L. A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorous in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate, United States Department of Agriculture. Cris. 939. USA.

27. Poorhasankhani Dowlatabad, M., Madah Hosseini, Sh., Dashti, H., and Rahimi, A. 2015. Effect of green manure on soil organic matter and some growth indices of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Rafsanjan region. Plant Production Technology 15 (2): 69-80. (in Persian with English abstract).

28. Rahimi, Z., Kafi, M., Nezami, A., and Khozaie, H. R. 2011. Effect of salinity and silicon on some morphophysiologic characters of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27 (3): 359-374. (in Persian with English abstract).

29. Rahimzadeh, S., Sohrabi, Y., Heidari, Gh. R., Eivazi, A. R., and Hoseini, S. M. T. 2013. Effect of biofertilizers on macro and micro nutrients uptake and essential oil content in Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11 (1): 179-190. (in Persian with English abstract).

30. Rathke, G. W., Christen, O., and Diepenbrock, W. 2005. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in different crop rotations. Field Crops Research 94: 103-113.

31. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Seyyedi, S. M. 2014. The Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on phosphorus and potassium uptake by black seed (Nigella sativa L.). Journal of Horticultural Science 28 (1): 43-53. (in Persian with English abstract).

32. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Seyedi, S. M., and Azad, M. 2014. Effects of organic, chemical and biological sources of nitrogen on nitrogen use efficiency in black seed (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 30 (2): 260-274. (in Persian with English abstract).

33. Salehi, A., Fallah, S., and Abbasi Sourki, A. 2017. Organic and inorganic fertilizer effect on soil CO2 flux, microbial biomass, and growth of Nigella sativa L. International Agrophysics 31: 103-116.

34. Seyyedi, M., Khajeh-Hosseini, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Shahandeh, H. 2015 a. Relation between the increasing soluble phosphorus and nitrogen uptake and its effects on phosphorus harvest index of black seed. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 46 (1): 25-36. (in Persian with English abstract).

35. Seyyedi, S. M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khajeh Hossieni, M., and Shahandeh, H. 2015 b. Effects of sulfur, vermicompost + Thiobacilus bacteria on some chemical properties of calcareous soil and phosphorus use efficiency of black seed. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 22: 205-220. (in Persian with English abstract).

36. Shamsaddin, M., Saied, M., Ghanbari, A., Ramroudi, M., and Khezri, A. 2017. Effects of green manure management and fertilization treatments on the chemical and physical properties and fertility of soil. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 21 (1): 37-49. (in Persian with English abstract).

37. Sharma, P., Shukla, M. K., and Mexal, J. G. 2011. Spatial variability of soil properties in agricultural fields of southern New Mexico. Soil Science 6: 288-302.

38. Shah, Z., Rashid, A., Rahman, H. U., Latif, A., and Shah, A. 2011. Rice and wheat yield in relation to biomass of green manure legumes. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 27 (1): 73-84.

39. Sharpley, A. N., McDowell, R., and Kleinman, P. J. A. 2004. Amounts, forms, and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68: 2048-2057.

40. Silva Carvalho, N., Bruno Bitencourt Oliveira, A., Moura Calaço Pessoa, M., Paulo Costa Neto, V., Silva de Sousa, R., Rodrigues da Cunha, J., Gonçalves Coutinho, A., Maria dos Santos, V., and Sergio Ferreira de Araujo, A. 2015. Short-term effect of different green manure on soil chemical and biological properties. African Journal of Agriculture Research 10 (43): 4076-4081.

41. Singh, M. 2012. Influence of organic mulching and nitrogen application on essential oil yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 59: 273-279.

42. Trupiano, D., Cocozza, C., Baronti, S., Amendola, C., Primo Vaccari, F., Lustrato, G., Di Lonardo, S., Fantasma, F., Tognetti, R., and Stefania Scippa, G. 2017. The effects of biochar and its combination with compost on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth, soil properties, and soil microbial activity and abundance. International Journal of Agronomy 31: 1-12.

43. Walkly, A., and Black, I. A. 1934. An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37: 29-38.

44. Yang, Y. C., Zhang, M., Zheng, L., Cheng, D. D., Liu, M., and Geng, Y. Q. 2011. Controlled release urea improved nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and quality of wheat. Agronomy Journal 103(2): 479-485.

45. Yevdokimov, I., Gattinger, A., Buegger, F., Munch, J. C., and Schloter, M. 2008. Changes in microbial commu nity struct ure in soil as a result of different amounts of nitrogen fertiliza tion. Biology and Fertility of Soils 44: 1103-1106.