Effect of Different Intercropping Ratios of Three Bean Ecotypes as Replacement Series on their Physiological Indices

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 2, Volume 18, Issue 4 - Serial Number 60, January 2021, Pages 385-399   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v0i0.80180

Authors

Y Rameshjan¹; A Koocheki^{* 2}; M Nasiri mahalati²; S Khorramdel²

¹Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

²Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Introduction
Recently self-sustaining, diversified, low-input, and energy-efficient agricultural systems like intercropping have been considered as the efficient way to achieve the sustainability in agriculture. Intercropping as an old agricultural practice, have been followed especially at the small scale and subsistence farming. It can be defined as the agricultural practice of growing two or more crops or ecotypes together in the same field. Intercropping brings diversity of species in the cropping systems, and is considered to make the systems more resilient against environmental perturbations, thus enhancing food security. It provides high insurance against crop failure, especially in the extreme weather conditions like temperature stress, drought, flood, frost, pest infestation etc. In fact, intercropping is claimed to be one of the most significant cropping techniques in sustainable agriculture, and many researches and reviews attribute its utilization to the number of environmental benefits from promoting land biodiversity to diversifying agricultural outcome. Legumes after cereals are the second source of human food and in Iran they are the second most important food. Due to the importance of legume intercropping in the sustainability of agricultural systems, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of row intercropping of three bean ecotypes red bean, pinto bean and cowpea bean as replacement series on the physiological growth indices under climatic conditions of Mashhad.
 
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2016-2017 growing season. Treatments were 75% red bean+ 25% pinto bean, 75% red bean+ 25% cowpea bean, 25% red bean+ 75% pinto bean, 25% red bean+ 75% cowpea bean, 75% pinto bean+ 25% cowpea bean, 75% cowpea bean+ 25% pinto bean and their monoculture. In order to measure the growth indices, the destructive samplings were carried out every 14 days from 0.15 m² of row in each plot. All bean ecotypes were harvested by cutting at the soil surface. The studied indices were leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation (DM), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR).
 
Results and Discussion
The highest leaf area index for red bean, pinto bean and cowpea ecotypes were observed in their monoculture with 2.45, 1.45 and 3.60, respectively. The fast period of vegetative growth and dry matter accumulation were observed at 65-80 days after planting with a small decline afterwards until physiological maturity. The maximum dry matter accumulation for these ecotypes was obtained in their monoculture. Crop growth rate reached its peak 65 days after emergence followed by a decreasing trend afterwards. The highest crop growth rate was observed in pinto bean with 27 g m^-2 day^-1. At the beginning of growth stage, due to more penetration of light into the canopy and less shadow of the leaves the less respiration, RGR was more and its reduction slope was less. As time passes and vegetative and reproductive organs grow more, the shadow of leaves on each other increases and therefore after words RGR decreased. Also, net assimilation rate reached to its peak 60 days after emerging and decreased.
 
Conclusions
The results of showed that intercropping of bean ecotypes with increasing plant density, increased the leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation (DM) of both crops in monoculture and mixed culture which could be due to increased vegetation and it's closer to optimum density in mixed culture and better use of environmental resources. However due to different criteria of these ecotypes associated with better use of water, radiation and nutrient resources when they are intercropped, physiological growth indices were increased. Overall following this agroecological practice in cropping systems could keep contribution to move the current agroecosystems one step towards sustainability.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by Vice Chancellor for Research of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged.

Keywords

Bean ecotypes; Crop growth rate; Dry matter accomulation; Leaf area index

References

1. Ali madadi, A., Rostamza, M., Jahansooz, M. R., and Ahmadi A. Tavakol Afshari, R. 2005. Cowpea, common bean and mung bean radiation use efficiency, light extinction coefficient and radiation interception in double cropping. In agriculture and gardening (71): 67-75. (in Persian with English abstract).
2. Barker, S., and Dennett, M. D. 2013. Effect of density, cultivar and irrigation on spring-sown monocrops and intercrops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and faba beans (Vicia faba L.). European Journal of Agronomy (51): 108-116.
3. Canfield, D. E., Glazer A. N., and Falkowski, P.G. 2010. The evolution and future of earth’s nitrogen cycle. Science 330 (6001): 192-196.
4. Cao, S., Luo, H., Jin, M., Jin, S., Duan, X, Zhou. Y., Chen, W., Liu, T., Jia, Q., Zhang, B., Huang, J., Wang, X., Shang, X., and Sun, Z. 2015. Intercropping influenced the occurrence of stripe rust and powdery mildew in wheat. Crop Protection (70): 40-46.
5. Chapman, S. R., Allard, R.W., and Adams, J. 1989. Effect of planting rate and genotypic frequency on yield and seed size in mixture of two wheat varieties. Crop Science (9): 575-576.
6. Gubbels, G. H., and Kenaschuk, E. O. 1987. Performance of pure and mixed stands of flax cultivars. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67 (3): 797-802.
7. Das, K., Dang, R., and Shivananda, T. N. 2008. Influence of bio-fertilizers on the availability of nutrients (N, P and K) in soil in relation to growth and yield of Stevia rebaudiana grown in South India. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products 1 (1): 20-24.
8. Dela-Foente, E. B., Suarez, S. A., Lenadis, A. E., and Poggio, S. L. 2014. Intercropping sunflower and soybean in intensive farming systems: Evaluating yield advantage and effect on weed and insect assemblages. Njas-Wagen Journal of Life Science. In press.
9. Dhingra, K. K., Dhillon, M. S., Grewal, D. S., and Sharma, K. 1991. Performance of maize and mungbean intercropping in different planting patterns and row orientation. Indian Journal Agronomy (36): 207-212.
10. Eddowes, M. 1969. Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: I. Vegetative growth and ear development in maize. The Journal of Agricultural Science 72 (2): 185-193.
11. Elijah, M. and Akunda, W. 2001. Improving food production by understanding the effect of intercropping and plant population on soybean nitrogen fixing attributes. The Journal of Food Technology in African (6): 110-115.
12. FAOSTAT. 2013. Http://faostat.fao.org (visited at: 2013).
13. Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., and Toulmin, C. 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327 (5967): 812-818.
14. Hajinia, S., and Ahmadvand, G. 2017. Effect of Light Radiation Absorption and Its Use Efficiency in Intercropping of Soybean and Millet under Water Deficit Stress. Journal of Ecophysiology of Crops 11 (4).
15. Jahan, M., Amiri, M. B., and Ehyaei, H. R. 2012. Radiation Absorption and Use Efficiency of Sesame as Affected by Biofertilizers in a Low Input Cropping System. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10 (2): 435-447. (in Persian with English abstract).
16. Jensen, N. F. 1952. Intra-varietal Diversification in Oat Breeding 1. Agronomy Journal 44 (1): 30-34.
17. Kannenberg, L. W., and Hunter, R. B. 1972. Yielding Ability and Competitive Influence in Hybrid Mixtures of Maize 1. Crop Science 12 (3): 274-277.
18. Karimi, M. M., and Siddique, K. M. 1991. Crop growth and relative growth rates of old and modern wheat cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42:13-20. (in Persian with English abstract).
19. Khorramdel, S., Mahmoodi, G., Abdollahi, F., and Hasanzadeh, H. 2014. Evaluation of Growth Indices and Diversity of Weeds in Replacement and Additive Intercropping Series of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) with Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Research in Crop Ecosystems 1 (3). (in Persian with English abstract).
20. Khorramdel, S., Siahmargoei, A., and Mahmoudi, G. 2014. Effect of replacement and additive intercropping series of ajowan with bean on yield and yield components. Crop Production Publication 9 (1): 1-24. (in Persian with English abstract).
21. Kobata, T., and Moriwaki, N. 1990. Grain growth rate as a function of dry matter production rate an experiment with two rice cultivars under different radiation environments. Journal of Crop Sciences (59): 1-7.
22. Koller, H. R., Nyquist, W. E., and Chorush, I. S. 1970. Growth Analysis of the Soybean Community 1. Crop Science 10 (4): 407-412.
23. Koocheki, A., Hosseini, M., and Hashemi, A. 2006. Sustainable Agriculture. Jihad Publications, Mashhad University, 164p. (in Persian).
24. Koocheki, A., and Seramandria, Gh. 2005. Physiology of crops (translation). Publications University of Mashhad.
25. Koocheki, A., Rashed Mohsen, M. H., Nasiri, M., and Sadr Abadi, R. 1991. Physiological foundations of crop growth and development. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House. 404 pages. (in Persian with English abstract).
26. Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Borumand-Rezazadeh, Z., and Khorramdel, S. 2010. Evaluation of nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in relay intercropping of winter wheat and maize. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10 (2): 327-334. (In Persian with English abstract).
27. Koocheki, A., Shabahang, J., Khorramdel, S., and Azimi, R. 2010. The effect of irrigation intervals and intecropped marjoram (Origanum vulgare) with saffron (Crocus sativus) on possible cooling effect of corms for climate change adaptation. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11(3): 390-400. (in Persian with English abstract).
28. Koocheki, A., Shabahang, J., Khorramdel, S., and Azimi, R. 2013. The Effect of Irrigation Intervals and Intecropped Marjoram (Origanum vulgare) with Saffron (Crocus sativus) on Possible Cooling Effect of Corms for Climate Change Adaptation, Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11(3): 390-400. (in Persian with English abstract).
29. Kremer, R. J., and Kussman, R. D. 2011. Soil quality in a pecan–kura clover alley cropping system in the Midwestern USA. Agroforestry Systems 83 (2): 213-223.
30. Martin, J. M., and Alexander, W. L. 1986. Intergenotypic competition in biblends of spring wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66 (4): 871-876.
31. Mazaheri, D. 1987. Mixed Corn and Cultivar, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 18 (4): 58-52. (in Persian with English abstract).
32. Mohammadian, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Zarghani, H., and Yanegh, A. 2013. Study the Effect of Intercropping of three Sesame Genotypes on Morphological and Physiological Indice. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11(3): 421-429. (in Persian with English abstract).
33. Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A. R., Mondani, F., Feizi, H., and Amirmoradi, S. 2014. Determination of optimal strip width in strip intercropping of maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northeast Iran. (in Persian with English abstract).
34. Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Bhshte, A. 2007. Agroecology. (Translation). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
35. Nassiri-Mahallati, M. 2000. Modelling of Crop Growth Processes Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication, Mashhad, Iran. (in Persian).
36. Nezami, A., and Bagheri, A. 2005. The effect of cold tolerant chickpea genotypes characteristics of autumn and spring: phonological and morphological characteristics. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research 3 (1): 143-155. (in Persian with English abstract).
37. Nurbakhsh, F., Koocheki, A. R., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2016. Effects of planting pattern and seed ratio on growth indices of intercropped sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agroecology 3 (1): 111 -123. (in Persian with English abstract).
38. Probst, A. H. 1957. Performance of Variety Blends in Soybeans 1. Agronomy Journal 49 (3): 148-150.
39. Righi, M., Sangtarash, H., and Cambodia, C. 1989. Yield and quality of wheat varieties Helmand, fried eggs and cross the plateau. Fif^th Iranian Congress of Plant Breeding and Crop Production.
40. Baulcombe, D., Crute, I., Davies, B., Dunwell, J., Gale, M., Jones, J., ... and Toulmin, C. 2009. Reaping the benefits: science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture. The Royal Society.
41. Tang, X., Bernard, L., Brauman, A., Daufresne, T., Deleporte, P., Desclaux, D., ... and Hinsinger, P. 2014. Increase in microbial biomass and phosphorus availability in the rhizosphere of intercropped cereal and legumes under field conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 75: 86-93.
42. Tesar, M. B. 1984. Physiological Basis of Crop Growth and Development. American Society of Agronomy. 404pp.
43. Valizadeh, S. 2016. Evaluation of agronomic criteria of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping with some medicinal plants. MSc Thesis Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in Persian with English abstract).
44. Yusuf, R. I., Siemens, J. C., and Bullock, D. G. 1999. Growth analysis of soybean under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Agronomy Journal (91): 928-933.