امکان سنجی پالایش محیط های آبی آلوده به کادمیوم توسط علف شاخی (Ceratophyllum demersum L.)

آب و خاک

مقاله 2، دوره 30، شماره 6 - شماره پیاپی 50، اسفند 1395، صفحه 1918-1929   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.v30i6.23944

نویسندگان

امیر پرنیان^{* 1}؛ مصطفی چرم²؛ نعمت اله جعفرزاده حقیقی فرد³

¹دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز

²دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

³دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی شاپور اهواز

چکیده

کادمیوم از جمله عناصر کم مقدار و مضر برای حیات و آلاینده ای خطرناک به شمار می رود. این عنصر از طریق منابع آلوده از جمله پساب ها، فاضلاب (شهری و صنعتی) و زه آب های آلوده سبب آلودگی، کاهش کیفیت و گاهی حتی سمیت منابع آب می گردد. با توجه به افزایش جمعیت و نیاز به منابع آب بیشتر، همچنین افزایش آلوده شدن این منابع آبی ارزشمند، نیاز شدیدی به روش های نو و ارزان برای پالایش و بهبود کیفیت آب ها احساس می شود. گیاه پالایی با گیاهان آبزی روشی مؤثر و ارزان برای بهبود کیفیت آب و پساب هاست. گیاه علف شاخی (Ceratophyllum demersum L.) از گیاهان آبزی بومی رودخانه های ایران است، و به وفور در ایران یافت می شود. در این پژوهش طی 14 روز کشت علف شاخی در محلول غذایی هوگلند آلوده در 4 سطح مختلف کادمیوم (1، 2، 4 و 6 میلی گرم در لیتر) پالایش محیط های آبی آلوده به کادمیوم امکان سنجی شد. نتایج حاصله نشان داد که، این گیاه کادمیوم را به مقدار زیادی جذب زیستی کرده است و درصد جذب کادمیوم تا حدود 82% در سطح 2 میلی گرم در لیتر رسید. عامل غلظت زیستی و شاخص جذب حداکثری کادمیوم در سطوح 2 و 6 میلی گرم در لیتر، به ترتیب 9/707 و 92/3 میلی گرم در هر ظرف به دست آمد. کمترین و بیشترین مقدار شاخص تولید زیست توده گیاهی 62/1 و 60/3 گرم در روز، به ترتیب مربوط به سطوح آلودگی 6 و 0 میلی گرم در روز بود. پالایش سبز کادمیوم با رشد و تکثیر گیاه علف شاخی از پساب های صنعتی پیشنهاد می شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پالایش سبز؛ علف شاخی؛ کادمیوم؛ گیاهان آبزی؛ فلزات سنگین

مراجع

1- Abul Kashem M.d., Singh B.R., Imamul Huq S.M., and Kawai Sh. 2008. Cadmium phytoextraction efficiency of Arum (Colocasia antiquorum), Radish (Raphanus sativus l.) and Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) grown in hydroponics, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 192:273-279.

2- Ahn C.K., Park D., Woo S.H., and Park J.M. 2009. Removal of cationic heavy metal from aqueous solution by activated carbon impregnated with anionic surfactants, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164:1130-1136.

3- Alizadeh A. 2007. Comparison of effect of organic chelate, synthetic chelate and compost in remediation heavy metal (Cd, Pb and Ni) polluted soil under Canola cultivation, M.Sc. thesis, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Ahwaz. (in Persian with English abstract)

4- Alyüz B., and Veli S. 2009. Kinetics and equilibrium studies for the removal of nickel and zinc from aqueous solutions by ion exchange resins, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167:482-488.

5- Aravind P., and Prasad M.N.V. 2005. Cadmium-Zinc interaction in hydroponic system using Ceratophyllum demersum L.: adaptive ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular toxicology, Journal of Plant Physiology, 17(1):3-20.

6- Chen H., Shao Y., Xu Z., Wan H., Wan Y., Zheng Sh., and Zhu D. 2011. Effective catalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over TiO2 nanotube supported Pd catalysts, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 105:255-262.

7- Dashi M. 2008. Evaluation of N-NH3 and P removal of urban wastewater using free-floated macrophyte Lemnna gibba, M.Sc. thesis, Islamic Azad University- Ahwaz branch, Ahwaz. (in Persian with English abstract)

8- Demirezen D. 2007. Effects of salinity on growth and nickel accumulation capacity of Lemna gibba (Lemnaceae), Journal of Hazardous Material, 147:74-77.

9- Erfanmanesh M., and Afyoni M. 2002. Environmental polution (water, soil and air), 2nd edition, Isfahan Arkan publication, Isfahan. (in Persian)

10- Fahimi nia M. 2006. Handbook of wastewater engineering for small communities and rural areas, Publication of research and improve the efficiency of water and electricity industry company, Tehran. (in Persian)

11- Fox L.J., Struik P.C., Appleton B.L., and Rule J.H. 2008. Nitrogen phytoremediation by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), Water Air Soil Pollutant, 194:199-207.

12- Fu F., and Wang Q. 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review, Journal of Environmental Management, 92:407-418 .

13- Ghahreman A. 1994. Iran’s comorphyts (Plant systematics), 4th volume, Tehran University publication, Tehran. (in Persian)

14- Jimenez-Rodriguez A.M., Duran-Barrantes M.M., Borja R., Sanchez E., Colmenarejo M.F., and Raposo F. 2009. Heavy metals removal from acid mine drainage water using biogenic hydrogen sulphide and effluent from anaerobic treatment: Effect of pH, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165:759-765.

15- Kara Y., Basaran D., and Kara I. 2003. Bioaccumulation of nickel by aquatic macrophyta Lemna minor (duckweed), International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, voulme 5, 3:281-283.

16- Khan S., Ahmad I., Shah M.T., Rehman Sh., and Khaliq A. 2009. Use of constructed wetland for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater, Journal of Environmental Management, 90:3451-3457.

17- Khellaf N., and Zerdaoui M. 2009. Phytoaccumulation of zinc by the aquatic plant, Lemna gibba L., Bioresource Technology, 100:6137-6140.

18- Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H. 2007. Fundamental plant nutrition, Isfahan University of technology, center of publication, Isfahan. (in Persian)

19- Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H. 2007. Hydroponics, Isfahan University of technology, center of publication, Isfahan. (in Persian)

20- Kieu H.T.Q., Muller E., and Horn H. 2011. Heavy metal removal in anaerobic semi-continuous stirred tank reactors by a consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria, Water Research, 45:3863-870.

21- Lu Q., He Z. L., Graetz D. A., Stoffella P. J., and Yang X. 2010. Phytoremediation to remove nutrients and improve eutrophic stormwaters using water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.), Environmental Science and Pollution Reserch International, 17(1):84-96.

22- Marin D.C.C.M., and Oron G. 2007. Boron removal by the duckweed Lemna gibba: A potential method for the remediation of boron-polluted waters, Water Research, 41:4579-4584.

23- Minoui S., Minai-tehrani D., Samiee K., and Farivar Sh. 2008. Study of the macroscopic and microscopic changes of the effect of cadmium on Chlorophytum comosum, Iranian Journal of Biology, 21, 4: 737-747. (in Persian with English abstract)

24- Miranda G., Quiroz A., and Salazar M. 2000. Cadmium and lead removal from water by the duckweed Lemna gibba L. (Lemnaceae), Hidrobioligica, 10(1):7-12.

25- Mirbagheri S.A., and Hosseini S.N. 2005. Pilot plant investigation on petrochemical wastewater treatment for the removal of copper and chromium with the objective of reuse. Desalination, 171:85-93.

26- Mirbagheri S.A., Shans A., Hashemi S.H., and Shams H. 2010. Removal of nickel (II) from electroplating wastewater through reverse osmosis method, Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 1: 1-11. (in Persian with English abstract)

27- Miretzky P., Saralegui A., and Cirelli A.F. 2004. Aquatic macrophytes potential for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Buenos Aires, Argentina), Chemosphere, 57:997-1005.

28- Mishra S., Srivastava S., Tripathi R.D., Kumar R., Seth C.S., and Gupta D.K. 2006. Lead detoxification by coontail (Ceratophyllum dermersum L.) involves induction of phytochelatins and response of antioxidants in response to its accumulation, Chemosphere, 65:1027-1039.

29- Mishra V.K., and Ttipathy B.D. 2008. Concurrent removal and accumulation of heavy metals by the three aquatic macrophytes, Bioresource Technology, 99:7091-7097.

30- Mohsen-Nia M., Montazeri P., and Modarress H. 2007. Removal of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from wastewater with a chelating agent and reverse osmosis processes, Desalination, 217:276-281.

31- Parnian A., Chorom M., Jafarzadeh Haghighi-Fard N., and Dinarvand M. 2011. Phytoremediation of nickel from hydroponic system by hydrophyte coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), Journal Of Science And Techology Of Greenhouse Culture, 2(6): 75-85. (in Persian with English abstract)

32- Parnian A., Chorom M., Jafarzadeh Haghighi Fard N., and Dinarvand M. 2015. Biological removal of cadmium by aquatic macrophyte Lemna gibba (a potential method for the phytoremediation of polluted water and wastewater), Journal Of Water And Soil Science (Science And Techology Of Agriculture And Natural Resources), 18(70): 283-294. (in Persian with English abstract)

33- Pivetz B.E. 2001. Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at hazardous waste sites. in ground water issue, EPA/540/S-01/500.

34- Polomski R. F., Taylor M. D., Bielenberg D. G., Bridges W. C., Klaine S. J., and Whitwell T. 2009. Nitrogen and phosphorus remediation by three floating aquatic macrophytes in greenhouse-based laboratory-scale subsurface constructed wetlands, Water Air Soil Pollutant, 197:223-232.

35- Saygideger S., and Dogan M. 2004. Lead and cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the presence of EDTA in Lemna minor L. and Cratophyllum demersum L., Bulltin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 73:182-189.

36- Saygideger S., Dogan M. and Keser G. 2004. Effect of lead and pH on lead uptake, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of Typha latifolia L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L., International Journal of Agricultural and Biology, 6(1):168-172.

37- Schröder P., Navarro-Aviño J., Azaizeh H., Goldhirsh A.G., DiGregorio S., Komives T., Langergraber G., Lenz A., Maestri E., Memon A.R., Ranalli A., Sebastiani L., Smrcek S., Vanek T., Vuilleumier S., and Wissing F. 2007. Using phytoremediation technologies to upgrade wastewater treatment in Europe, Environmental Science and Pollution Reserch International, 14(7):490-497.

38- Smara A., Delimi R., Chainet E., and Sandeaux J. 2007. Removal of heavy metals from diluted mixtures by a hybrid ion-exchange/electrodialysis process, Separation and Purification Technology, 57:103-110.

39- Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 20th ed., APHA, Washington DC. 2005.

40- Tofighy M.A., and Mohammadi T. 2011. Adsorption of divalent heavy metal ions from water using carbon nanotube sheets, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185:140-147.

41- Ye Z.H., Baker A.J.M., Wong M.H., and Willis A.J. 2003. Copper tolerance, uptake and accumulation by Phragmites australis, Chemosphere, 50:795-800.

42- Zhang L., Zhao Y.H., and Bai R. 2011. Development of a multifunctional membrane for chromatic warning and enhanced adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions: Application to cadmium, Journal of Membrane Science, 379:69-79.