تغییر ویژگی‌های شیمیایی خاک در مقابل آتش و شدت‌های مختلف آن

آب و خاک

مقاله 1، دوره 31، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 51، فروردین 1396، صفحه 302-311   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.v31i1.52052

نویسندگان

حکیمه طایفی؛ رضا عرفانزاده^* ؛ مهدی عابدی

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

در بین رویشگاه های مختلف، آتش یک فاکتور اکولوژیک و تعیین کننده است که بسیاری از ویژگی های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک تحت تاثیر آن تغییر می کند که وسعت و مدت زمان این اثرات به شدت آتش سوزی بستگی دارد. به منظور بررسی تاثیر آتش و شدت های مختلف آن بر ویژگیهای شیمیایی مختلف خاک در جنوب شرقی پارک ملی گلستان، منطقه ییلاق دشت با ارتفاع 1400 متر و پوشش علفی، بوته‌ای و درختچه‌ای انتخاب شد. مناطق کنترل نیز در مجاور مناطق آتش گرفته هر سه نوع پوشش گیاهی با مشخصات اکولوژیک یکسان مشخص شدند. نمونه های خاک در مناطق با و بدون رخداد آتش از عمق 0-5 سانتی‌متری زیراشکوب سه نوع پوشش گیاهی برداشت شد و ویژگی های خاک شامل ماده آلی، ماده آلی ذره ای، نیترژن کل و پایداری خاکدانه ها اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد آتش در هیچکدام از شدت‌ها تاثیر معنی‌داری بر میزان ماده آلی نداشت در حالی‌که ماده آلی ذره ای و پایداری خاکدانه در شدت‌های متوسط و زیاد در مقابل آتش کاهش نشان داد (05/0P

کلیدواژه‌ها

آتش سوزی طبیعی؛ پارک ملی گلستان؛ پایداری خاکدانه؛ مواد آلی ذره ای خاک

مراجع

1- Akhani Sanjani H. 2004. Illustrated Flora of Golestan National Park. University of Tehran Press. Vol.1.

2- Allred B.W., and Snyder K.A. 2008. Ecophysiological responses of Chihuahuan desert grasses to fire. Journal of Arid Environments, 72 (11):1989-1996.

3- Bento-Gonçalves A., Vieira A., Úbeda X., and Martin D. 2012. Fire and soils: Key concepts and recent advances, Geoderma, 191(0):3-13.

4- Bongiovanni M.D., and Lobartini J.C. 2006. Particulate organic matter, carbohydrate, humic acid contents in soil macro- and microaggregates as affected by cultivation. Geoderma, 136(3-4):660-665.

5- Certini G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143(1): 1-10.

6- Davies K.W., Bates J.D., and Miller R.F. 2007. Short-term effects of burning Wyoming big sagebrush steppe in southeast Oregon. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 60(5):515-522.

7- DeBano L.F. 2000. The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments: A review. Journal of Hydrology, 231:195-206.

8- Dıaz-Zorita M., and Grove J. 2002. Duration of tillage management affects carbon and phosphorus stratification in phosphatic paleudalfs. Soil and Tillage Research, 66(2):165-174.

9- Erfanzadeh R., Bahrami B., Motamedi J., and Petillon J. 2014. Changes in soil organic matter driven by shifts in co-dominant plant species in a grassland. Geoderma, 213:74-78.

10- Esque T., Kaye J., Eckert S., DeFalco L., and Tracy C.R. 2010. Short-term soil inorganic N pulse after experimental fire alters invasive and native annual plant production in amojave desert shrubland. Oecologia, 164(1):253-263.

11- Fernandes P.M., and Botelho H. 2003. A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 12(2):117-128.

12- Franzluebbers A., Schomberg H., and Endale D. 2007. Surface-soil responses to paraplowing of long-term no-tillage cropland in the southern Piedmont USA. Soil and Tillage Research, 96(1):303-315.

13- Franzluebbers, A.J. 2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil and Tillage Research, 66(2):95-106.

14- Ghaemi R. 1997. Destructive and threatening factors of Golestan National Park. EnvironMent, Seasonally – Iranian Environment Protection Organization 4 (2). (In Persian).

15- Gregorich E.G., and Carter M.R. 1997. Soil quality for crop production and ecosystem health. Elsevier.25

16- Gonzalez-Perez J.A., Gonzalez-Vila F.J., Almendros G., Knicker H. 2004. The effect of fire on soil organic matter—A review. Environment International, 30(6):855-870.

17- Haynes R.J. 2005. Labile organic matter fraction as centeral components of the quality of agricultural soils: an overview. Advances in Agronomy, 85:221-268.

18- Heidari J., Dashtaki Ghorbani Sh., and Tahmasebi P. 2014. Layers of soil organic matter and aggregate stability under the influence of fire in rangelands of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 28(1):39-51. (In Persian).

19- Heidary J., and Ghorbani Dashtaki Sh. 2013. The effect of fire on soil quality in semi-steppe rangelands of Karsanak, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 20(2):125-142. (in Persian with English abstract).

20- Javadi S.A., and Mamoon Z. 2011. Natural burning effects on some vegetation and soil characteristics of rangeland (case study: Pir Gol Sorkh Behbahan rangeland). Renewable Natural Resources Research 2(1):45-54. (in Persian with English abstract).

21- Jordan A., Gordillo-Rivero Á.J., Garcia-Moreno J., Zavala L.M., Granged A.J.P., Gil J., and Neto-Paixão H.M. 2014. Post-fire evolution of water repellency and aggregate stability in mediterranean calcareous soils: a 6-year study. Catena, 118(0):115-123.

22- Keeley J.E. 2009. Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18(1):116-126.

23- Lavorel S. 1999. Ecological diversity and resilience of Mediterranean vegetation to disturbance. Diversity and Distributions, 5(1-2):3-13.

24- Lombao A., Barreiro A., Carballas T., Fontúrbel M., Martin A., Vega J., Fernandez C., and Diaz-Raviña M. 2014. Changes in soil properties after a wildfire in Fragas Do Eume Natural Park (Galicia, NW Spain). CATENA

25- Mataix-Solera J., Cerdà A., Arcenegui V., Jordan A., and Zavala L.M. 2011. Fire effects on soil aggregation: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 109(1-2):44-60.

26- Matinizadeh M.1., and Gudarzi M. 2013. Effects of fire on activity of some rangeland soil enzymes. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 20(1): 213-225. (in Persian with English abstract).

27- Meira-Castro A., Shakesby R.A., Espinha Marques J., Doerr S.H., Meixedo J.P., Teixeira J., and Chamine H.I. 2014. Effects of prescribed fire on surface soil in a Pinus pinaster plantation, Northern Portugal. Environmental Earth Science, 1-8.

28- Movlavi, R., Baghernejad, M., and Adhami, E. 2009. Effects of forest burning and slash burn on physico-chemical properties and clay minerals of top soil. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences, 13 (49):99-110 (in Persian with English abstract).

29- Nazari F., Hosseini V., and Shabanian N. 2012. Effect of fire severity on organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus of forest soils (case study: Marivan). Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 20(1): 25-37. (in Persian with English abstract).

30- Neary D.G., Klopatek C.C., DeBano L.F, and Ffolliott P.F. 1999. Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management, 122(1-2):51-71.

31- Page A.L. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

32- Pojasok T., and Kay B. 1990. Assessment of a combination of wet sieving and turbidimetry to characterize the structural stability of moist aggregates. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 70(1):33-42.

33- Pourreza M., Hosseini S., Sinegani A., Matinizadeh M., and Alavai S. 2014a. Herbaceous species diversity in relation to fire severity in Zagros Oak Forests, Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 25(1):113-120.

34- Pourreza M., Hosseini S.M., Safari Sinegani A.A., Matinizadeh M., and Dick W.A. 2014b. Soil microbial activity in response to fire feverity in Zagros Oak (Quercus Brantii Lindl.) Forests, Iran, after one year. Geoderma, 213(0):95-102.

35- Rau B.M., Blank R.R., Chambers J.C., and Johnson D.W. 2007. Prescribed fire in a Great Basin sagebrush ecosystem: dynamics of soil extractable nitrogen and phosphorus. Journal of Arid Environments, 71(4):362-375.

36- Reich P.B., Peterson D.W., Wedin D.A., and Wrage K. 2001. Fire and vegetation effects on productivity and nitrogen cycling across a forest–grassland continuum. Ecology 82(6):1703-1719.

37- Romanyà J., Casals P., and Vallejo V.R. 2001. Short-term effects of fire on soil nitrogen availability in Mediterranean grasslands and shrublands growing in old fields. Forest Ecology and Management 147(1):39-53.

38- Safaian N., Shokri M., Ahmadi M.Z., Atrakchali A., and Tavili A. 2005. Fire influence on the grassland vegetation in Golestan National Park (Alborz Mts. Iran). Polish Journal of Ecology, 53(3):435-443.

39- Six J., Conant R., Paul E., and Paustian K. 2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil, 241(2):155-176.

40- Thomaz E.L., Antoneli V., and Doerr S.H. 2014. Effects of fire on the physico-chemical properties of soil in a slash and burn agriculture. Catena, 122(0):209-215.

41- Trabaud L. 1994. Postfire plant community dynamics in the Mediterranean Basin. in: Moreno J., Oechel W. (Eds.), The role of fire in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Springer New York, pp.107:1-15.

42- Úbeda X., Lorca M., Outeiro L.R., Bernia S., and Castellnou M. 2005. Effects of prescribed fire on soil quality in Mediterranean grassland (Prades Mountains, North-East Spain). International Journal of Wildland Fire, 14(4):379.384.

43- Varela M., Benito E., and Keizer J. 2010. Effects of wildfire and laboratory heating on soil aggregate stability of Pine Forests in Galicia: the role of lithology, soil organic matter content and water repellency. Catena, 83(2):127-134.

44- Wan S., Hui D., and Luo Y. 2001. Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Ecological Applications, 11(5):1349-1365.

45- Wells C.G., Campbell R.E., DeBano L.F., Lewis C.E., Fredriksen R.L., Franklin E.C., Froelich R.C., and Dunn P.H. 1979. Effects of fire on soil: a state of knowledge review. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.