تثبیت سرب در یک خاک آهکی با استفاده از اصلاح‌کننده‌های آلی و معدنی

آب و خاک

مقاله 5، دوره 32، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 57، اردیبهشت 1397، صفحه 127-142   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.v32i1.67489

نویسندگان

سمیه سفیدگر شاهکلایی^{* 1}؛ مجتبی بارانی مطلق¹؛ فرهاد خرمالی¹؛ اسماعیل دردی پور²

¹دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

²دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین به دلیل اثرات مخرب آن در محیط زیست مانند تهدید سلامتی انسان‌ها، مسمومیت گیاهان و اثرات طولانی مدتی که بر حاصلخیزی خاک می‌گذارند، تبدیل به یک نگرانی جهانی شده است. به منظور بررسی اثر اصلاح‌کننده‌های آلی (بیوچار 420 و بیوچار 640) و اصلاح‌کننده‌های معدنی (پومیس، لیکا، زئولیت و بنتونیت) در سه سطح صفر، 1 و 5 درصد وزنی بر تثبیت سرب در یک خاک آلوده، آزمایشی گلخانه‌ای با استفاده از گیاه ذرت به عنوان شاخص زیستی با سه تکرار در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام گرفت. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد افزودن اصلاح‌کننده‌ها به خاک موجب کاهش غلظت سرب عصاره‌گیری شده با DTPA و EDTA شد. بیشترین کاهش غلظت سرب عصاره‌گیری شده با DTPA و EDTA در سطح 5 درصد بیوچار 640 و زئولیت مشاهده شد. بیشترین کاهش غلظت سرب در اندام هوایی و ریشه گیاه ذرت به‌ترتیب در خاک تیمار شده با اصلاح‌کننده های آلی (بیوچار 420 و بیوچار 640) و تیمار سطح 5 درصد زئولیت مشاهده شد. بیشترین افزایش در ویژگی‌های رویشی گیاه مانند شاخص سبزینگی (SPAD)، تعداد برگ، در تیمار سطح 5 درصد بیوچار 640 و ارتفاع گیاه، شاخص سطح برگ، وزن خشک ریشه و اندام هوایی گیاه در تیمار سطح 5 درصد بیوچار420 نسبت به شاهد مشاهده شد. همچنین بیشترین میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های سوپر اکسیددیسموتاز (SOD) و کاتالاز (CAT) در سطح 5 درصد بنتونیت و پراکسیداز(PX) و آسکوربات پراکسیداز (ASP) در سطح 1 درصد بیوچار 420 مشاهده گردید که در مقایسه با شاهد، افزایشی معادل با 147، 101 ، 197 و 123 درصد داشته‌اند. اصلاح‌کننده های آلی (بیوچار 420 و بیوچار 640) و زئولیت بیشترین کاهش جذب سرب را نشان دادند که پتانسیل بالای این اصلاح‌کننده ‌ها را در تثبیت سرب در خاک و کاهش تجمع سرب در گیاه را نشان می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پالایش؛ زیست فراهمی؛ ذرت؛ فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان

مراجع

1- Abbaspour A., Calabash M., Hajj Rassouli S., and Golchin A. 2005. Investigation of contamination of Iranian agricultural soils with Cd and Pb.10TH Iranian soil science congress, 1:543-545.

2- Abedi-Koupai J., Mollaei R., and Eslamian S. 2015. The effect of pumice on reduction of cadmium uptake by spinach irrigated with wastewater. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 15: 208-214.

3- Adrees M., Ali S., Iqbal M., Bharwana A., Siddiqi Z., Farid M., Ali Q., Saeed R., and Rizwan M. 2015. Mannitol alleviates chromium toxicity in wheat plants in relation to growth, yield, stimulation of anti-oxidative enzymes, oxidative stress and Cr uptake in sand and soil media. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 122:1-8.

4- Adriano D.C. 2001. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments; Biochemistry, Bioavailability and Risks of Metals. Springer-Verlag. New York.

5- Aebi H. 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol, 105:121–126.

6- Ahmad M., Hashimoto Y., Moon D.H., Lee S.S., and Ok Y.S. 2012. Immobilization of lead in a Korean military shooting range soil using eggshell waste: an integrated mechanistic approach. Journal. Hazard. Mater, 209–210:392–401.

7- Ahmad M., Lee S.S., Lim J.E., Lee S.E., Cho J.S., Moon D.H., Hashimoto Y., and Ok Y. 2014. Speciation and phytoavailability of lead and antimony in a small arms range soil amended with mussel shell, cow bone and biochar: EXAFS spectroscopy and chemical extractions. Chemosphere, 95:433–441.

8- Arienzo M., Adamo P., and Cozzolino V. 2003. The potential of Lolium perenne for revegetation of contaminated soil from a metallurgical site. Science of the Total Environment, 319:13–25.

9- Barzin M., Kheirabadi H., and Ephiunei M. 2015. Investigation of contamination of some heavy metals in surface soils of Hamedan province using pollution indices Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 72: 69-79.

10- Bharwana S.A., Ali A., Farooq M.A., Iqbal N., Hameed A., Abbas F., and Ahmad M.S. 2014. Glycine betaine-induced lead toxicity tolerance related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes suppressed lead uptake and oxidative stress in cotton. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38:281-292.

11- Bremener J.M., and Mulvaney C.S. 1982. Nitrogen-area. Methods of soil analysis. Pt- 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. In: Page A.L., Miller R.H., Keeney D.R. (Eds.), Agronomy Monograph 9. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.

12- Briat J.F. 2002. Metal ion activated oxidative stress and its control. In: Inze, D., Montagu, M. (Eds.), Oxidative Stress in Plants. Taylor and Francis, London.

13- Chapman H.D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II. Black, C.A. (Ed). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.

14- Chen M., and Ma L. 2001. Comparison of three aqua regia digestion methods for twenty Florida soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65:499–510.

15- Chirakkara R.A., and Reddy K.R. 2015. Biomass and chemical amendments for enhanced phytoremediationof mixed contaminated soils. Ecological Engineering, 85:265–274.

16- Cui L., Pan G., Li L., Bian R., Liu X., Yan J., Quan G., Ding C., Chen T., Liu Y., Yin C., Wei C., Yang Y., and Hussain Q. 2016. Continuous immobilization of cadmium and lead in biochar amended contaminated paddy soil: A five-year field experiment. Ecological Engineering, 93:1–8.

17- Day, P.R. 1955. Particle fractionation and particle-size analysis. In: Black, C.A. (Ed), Method of soil analysis. Part I. Agronomy 9, Soil Science Society. America. Madison, WI.

18- Dilek Demirezen Y., and Parlak K.U. 2011. Changes in proline accumulation and antioxidative enzyme activities in Groenlandia densa under cadmium stress. Ecological Indicators, 11:417-423.

19- Fellet G., Marchiol L., Delle Vedove G., and Peressotti A. 2011. Application of biochar on mine tailings: effects and perspectives for land reclamation. Chemosphere, 83:1262–1267.

20- Garcia-Sanchez A., Alastuey A., and Querol X. 1999. Heavy metal adsorption by different minerals: Application to the remediation of polluted soils. Science of the Total Environment, 242:179-188.

21- Golchin A. 2003. Industrial activities and contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals. 8TH Iranian soil science congress, 2:776-779.

22- Gu H.H., Zhan S.S., Wang S.Z., Tang Y.T., Chaney R.L., Fang X.H., Cai X.D., and Qiu R.L. 2012. Silicon-mediated amelioration of zinc toxicity in rice (Oryza sativaL.) seedlings. Plant Soil, 350: 193–204.

23- Gupta P.K. 2000. Soil, Plant, Water and fertilizer analysis. Agrobios, New Delhi, India.

24- Hamzeh M. 2006. Geochemical and environmental markers in the urban area of Kerman. Thesis M.Sc. degree, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and the International Center for Advanced Technology and Science, pp 387.

25- Houben D., Evrard L., and Sonnet P.H. 2013. Beneficial effects of biochar application to contaminated soils on the bioavailability of Cd, Pb and Zn and the biomass production of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Biomass & Bioenergy, 57:196- 204.

26- Jafari Haghighi M., 2003. Methods of soil analysis, sampling and analysis of important physiochemical properties with emphasis on theory and application principles. Nedaye Zoha Publication.

27- Jazayeri S.H., Hayati Ashtiani M., Ashrafizadeh S.N., Ghannadi Maragheh M., and Nozad Golikand A. 2010. Heavy Metal Removal from Synthetics Wastes by Natural and Acid-Activated Bentonites. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 51:18-27. (in Persian with English abstract(

28- Judy Z., and Movahedi Naeini S.A.R. 2007. Effects of leca, zeolite and compost on soil moisture and evaporation. Journal Agriculture Science Natural Resource, 14 (2). (in Persian with English abstract)

29- Kabata-Pendias A. 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

30- Karhu K., Mattila T., Bergström I., and Regina K. 2011. Biochar addition to agriculturalsoil increased CH 4 uptake and water holding capacity – results from a short-term pilot field study. Agriculture Ecosystem Environmental, 140 (1):309–313.

31- Keller C., Marchetti M., Rossi L., and Lugon-Moulin N. 2005. Reduction of cadmium availability to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants using soil amendments in low cadmium contaminated agricultural soils: A pot experiment. Plant Soil, 276:69-84.

32- Kim H.S., Kim K.R., Kim H.J., Yoon J.H., Yang J.E., Ok Y.S., Owens G., and Kim K.H. 2015. Effect of biochar on heavy metal immobilization and uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in agricultural soil. Environmental Earth Science, 74:1249–1259.

33- Knudsen D., Peterson G.A., and Pratt P.F. 1982. Lithium, Sodium and Potassium. P. 225-246. In: Methods of soil analysis (part II) Chemical and microbiological properties, Page et al. (Ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

34- Kosson D.S., Van der Sloot H.A., Sanchez F., and Garrabrants A.C. 2002. An integrated framework for evaluating leaching in waste management and utilization of secondary materials. Environmental engineering science, 19:159–204.

35- Lasat M.M. 2002. Phytoextraction of toxic metals – A review of biological mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31:109–120.

36- Lim J.E., Ahmad M., Usman A.R.A., Lee S.S., Jeon W.T., Oh S.E., Yang J.E., and Ok Y.S. 2013. Effects of natural and calcined poultry waste on Cd, Pb and As mobility in contaminated soil. Environmental Earth Science, 69:11–20.

37- Lindsay W.L., and Norvell W. A.1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 42:421-428.

38- Lindsay W.L. 1979. Chemical Equilibria in Soils. John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA.

39- Lone M.I., Zhen P.J., Stoffella E., and Yang X. 2008. Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 9: 210-220.

40- Lu H., Zhang W., Yang Y., Huang X., Wang S., and Qiu R. 2012. Relative distribution of Pb2+ sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar. Water Research, 46:854–862.

41- Lu K., Yang X., Shen J., Robinson B., Huang H., Liu D., Bolan N., Pei J., and Wang H. 2014. Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to Sedum plumbizincicola. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 191:124–132.

42- Malakootian M., Nouri J., and Hossaini H. 2009. Removal of heavy metals from paint industry's wastewater using Leca as an available adsorbent. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 6 (2):183-190.

43- Marschner H. 1997. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. University of Hohenheim, Germany.

44- Mc Lean E.O. 1982. Soil PH and lime requirement. P. 192-224. In: Methods of soil analysis (part II) Chemical and microbiological properties, Page et al. (Ed.). American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

45- McBride M.B. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, Inc., New York.

46- McGrath D. 1996. Application of single and sequential extraction procedures to polluted and unpolluted soils. The Science of the Total Environment, 178:37-44.

47- Mendez A., Gomez A., Paz-Ferreiro J., and Gasco G. 2012. Effects of sewage sludge biochar on plant metal availability after application to a Mediterranean soil. Chemosphere, 89:1354–1359.

48- Minami M., and Yoshikawa H. 1979. A simplified assay method of superoxide dismutase activity for clinical use. Clinica Chimica Acta, 92:337–342.

49- Mittler R. 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Science, 7: 405–410.

50- Nakano Y., and Asada K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplast. Plant Cell Physiol, 22:867–880.

51- Menzies N.W., Donn M.J., and Kopittke P.K. 2007. Evaluation of extractants for estimation of the phytoavailable trace metals in soils. Environmental Pollution, 145:121-130.

52- Ngo T., and Lenhoff M. 1980. A sensitive and versatile chromogenic assay for peroxidase and peroxidase-coupled reactions. Analytical Biochemistry, 105:389–397.

53- Ok Y.S., Lee S.S., Jeon W.T., Oh S.E., Usman A.R.A., and Moon D.H. 2011. Application of eggshell waste for the immobilization of cadmium and lead in a contaminated soil. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 33:31–39.

54- Olsen S.R., and Sommers L.E. 1982. Phosphorous. In: Page, A.L. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: chemical and microbiological properties. Part 2, second Eds, Agron. Mongr. No. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.

55- Padmavathiamma P.K., and Li L.Y. 2010. Phytoavailability and fractionation of lead and manganese in a contaminated soil after application of three amendments. Bioresource Technology, 101:5667–5676.

56- Page A.L., Miller R.H., and Keeney D.R. 1982. Methods of Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological properties. 2nd ed. ASA. Madison, WI, USA.

57- Panuccio M.R., Sorgona A., Rizzo M., and Cacco G. 2009. Cadmium adsorption on vermiculite, zeolite and pumice: Batch experimental studies. Journal Environmental Management, 90:364-374.

58- Park J.H., Choppala G.K., Bolan N.S., Chung J.W., and Chuasavathi T. 2011. Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant Soil, 348:439–451.

59- Porra R.J., Thompson W.A., and Kriedemann P.E. 1989. Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Biochimistry Biophys Acta, 975:384–94.

60- Puga A.P., Melo L.C., Abreu C.A., Coscione A.R., and Paz-Ferreiro J. 2016. Leaching and fractionation of heavy metals in mining soils amended with biochar. Soil & Tillage Research, 164:25–33.

61- Quevauviller P.H., Lachicab M., Barahonab E., Rauretc G., Ured A., Gomeze A., and Muntauf H. 1996. Interlaboratory comparison of EDTA and DTPA procedures prior to certification of extractable trace elements in calcareous soil. The Science of the Total Environment, 178:127-132.

62- Razmjoo S. 1997. Manual of analysis of fruit and vegetable products. 9th. ed. Tata MC Grow Hill, New Delhi.

63- Sabir M., Ozturk M., Hakeem K., and Memurt A. 2015. Soil remediation and plants. Prospects and Challenges, P, 752.

64- Sabry M., Shaheen M., and Rinklebe J. 2015. Impact of emerging and low cost alternative amendments on the immobilization and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in a contaminated floodplain soil. Ecological Engineering, 74:319–326.

65- Sajidu S.M.I., Persson I., Masamba W.R.L., and Henry E.M.T. 2008. Mechanisms of heavy metal sorption on alkaline clays from Tundulu in Malawi as determined by EXAFS. Journal Hazard Material, 158:401-409.

66- Schutzendubel A., Nikolova P., Rudolf C., and Polle A. 2002. Cadmium and H2O2 induced oxidative stress in Populus canescens roots. Plant Physiol Biochemistry, 40:577–584.

67- Sharma P., and Dubey R.S. 2005. Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal Plant Physiology, 17(1): 35-5.

68- Siamardi S.J., Rezaei Kahkha M.R., Moghaddam A.S., and Noori R. 2014. Survey of Heavy Metals Concentration (Fe ،Ni ،Cu ،Zn ،Pb) in Farmland Soils of Sistan Central Part. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 1: 46-53.

69- Sidhu G.P.S., Singh H.P., Batish D.R., and Kohli R.K. 2016. Effect of lead on oxidative status, antioxidative response and metal accumulation in Coronopus didymus. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 105:290-296.

70- Uchimiya M., Lima I.M., Klasson K.T., and Wartelle L.H. 2010. Contaminant immobi-lization and nutrient release by biochar soil amendment: roles of natural organicmatter. Chemosphere, 80 (8):935–940.

71- Walkley A., and Black I.A. 1934. An examination degtijarf method for determination for role organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37:29–38.

72- Weis J.S., and Weis P. 2004. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Environmental International, 30:685–700.

73- Yang X.E., Long X.X., Calvert D.V., and Stofella P.J. 2004. Cadmium tolerance and hyper accumulation in a new Zn hyper accumulating plant species (Sedium alfredii Hance). Plant Soil, 259:181–189.

74- Yuan J.H., Xu R.K., and Zhang H. 2011. The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresource Technology, 102:3488–3497.

75- Zhang R.H., Li Z.G., Liu X.D., Wang B.C., Zhou G.L., Huang X.X., Lin C.F., and Wang A.H. 2017. Immobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in greenhouse soils amended with rice straw-derived biochar. Ecological Engineering, 98:183–188.

76- Zhang X., Wang H., He L., Lu K., Sarmah A., Li J., Bolan N.S., Pei J., and Huang H. 2013. Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 20:8472–8483.

77- Zheng R.L., Cai C., Liang J.H., Huang Q., Chen Z., Huang Y.Z., Arp H.P.H., and Sun G.X. 2012. The effects of biochars from rice residue on the formation of iron plaque and the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb As in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Chemosphere, 89:856–862