شبیه سازی تغییرات نیتروژن خاک و گیاه توسط مدل CERES-Wheat

آب و خاک

مقاله 2، دوره 32، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 60، آبان 1397، صفحه 691-707   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.v32i4.70443

نویسندگان

فرزاد مندنی^* ؛ بابک غلامی؛ علیرضا باقری؛ غلامرضا محمدی

دانشگاه رازی

چکیده

مصرف بیش از حد نیتروژن باعث آبشویی نیترات و آلودگی آب‌های زیرزمینی می‌شود، بنابراین اطلاع از توزیع اشکال مختلف نیتروژن و چگونگی حرکت آن‌ها در خاک اهمیت بالایی دارد. به منظور شبیه‌سازی اثر کود نیتروژن بر رشد و عملکرد گندم و همچنین تغییرات نیتروژن خاک و گیاه با استفاده از مدل CERES-Wheat، دو آزمایش در سال زراعی 1395-1394 اجرا شد. هر دو آزمایش در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کاربرد سطوح کود نیتروژن (90، 180، 300 و360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار) بود. از نتایج یک آزمایش به منظور استخراج ضرایب ژنتیکی و واسنجی مدل و از دیگری به منظور ارزیابی مدل استفاده شد. نتایج واسنجی نشان داد که مدل قادر است با حداقل اختلاف ویژگی‌های رشد و نمو گندم را شبیه‌سازی کند که بیانگر دقت بالای ضرایب ژنتیکی محاسبه شده بود. نتایج ارزیابی‌ها نشان داد که مدل قادر بود با دقت بالای صفات مورد ارزیابی گندم را شبیه سازی کند، بطوریکه میزان جذر میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده برای مراحل نموی، وزن خشک کل و عملکرد دانه به ترتیب در حدود 7 تا 8، 5 تا 9 و 11 تا 17 درصد میانگین مشاهدات بود. نتایج شبیه‌سازی‌ها نشان داد، همزمان با کاربرد کود اوره محتوای یون‌های نیترات و آمونیوم خاک افزایش یافت. بیشترین میزان نیترات در تیمارهای 90، 180، 300 و 360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار به ترتیب حدود 3/41، 5/54، 1/72 و 9/80 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. با افزایش مصرف نیتروژن، مقدار آبشویی نیتروژن نیز به شدت افزایش یافت، به طوری‌که میزان هدر رفت نیتروژن در تیمارهای 90 ، 180، 300 و 360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار به ترتیب حدود 3/259، 2/276، 4/310 و 5/335 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. همچنین با افزایش کاربرد کود اوره میزان نیتروژن در اندام‌های هوایی و دانه گندم افزایش یافت. بطورکلی نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که مدل CERES-Wheat توانایی قابل قبولی در شبیه سازی تغییرات وضعیت نیتروژن خاک و گیاه دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آبشویی نیتروژن؛ ارزیابی مدل؛ عملکرد دانه؛ کارایی نیتروژن؛ واسنجی مدل

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