اثر مکش آب خاک و پتاسیم بر عملکرد و شاخص‌های بیوشیمیائی پرتقال تامسون ‌ناول (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck.)

آب و خاک

مقاله 9، دوره 32، شماره 5 - شماره پیاپی 61، آذر 1397، صفحه 961-975   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.v32i5.70820

نویسندگان

طاهره رئیسی^* ؛ بیژن مرادی؛ بهروز گلعین

پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه های نیمه گرمسیری ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر مکش آب خاک، همراه با پتاسیم بر عملکرد، برخی ویژگی‌های بیوشیمیایی و رشد رویشی درختان پرتقال تامسون‌ناول روی پایه سیتروملو اجرا شد. بدین­منظور، یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح آماری بلوک کاملاً تصادفی به مدت دو سال در باغ پرتقال اجرا شد. فاکتورها شامل: انجام آبیاری در مکش­های رطوبتی خاک 20، 40، 60 کیلو پاسکال (بر اساس مکش تانسیومتر) و یک تیمار بدون آبیاری؛ و کاربرد کود پتاسیم در دو سطح 50 و 100 گرم پتاسیم ضرب‏ در سن درخت در نظر گرفته شد. سپس، در دو سال آخر آزمایش عملکرد، پتاسیم قابل ‏استفاده و قطر تاج درختان و در سال آخر آزمایش، مقدار پرولین، نشت یونی و هدایت الکتریکی خاک اندازه گیری شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که مقدار قطر تاج درختان با انجام آبیاری افزایش (05/0P<) یافت. هم­چنین، نتایج سال آخر پژوهش نشان داد که در سطح اول پتاسیم بین مقدار عملکرد در تیمارهای آبیاری 20، 40 و 60 کیلوپاسکال تفاوت معنی­داری (05/0P<) مشاهده نشد. علاوه­براین، اثر پتاسیم بر عملکرد به مکش آب خاک بستگی داشت. هم­چنین، با افزایش مکش رطوبتی خاک در زمان آبیاری مقدار پرولین، نشت یونی، پتاسیم قابل‏استفاده و قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی افزایش معنی­داری داشتند. به­طور کلی، باتوجه به نتایج عملکرد و نیز با در نظر گرفتن محدویت منابع آبی می‏توان پیشنهاد کرد که در مناطق با اقلیم و خاک مشابه با منطقه مور مطالعه، بهترین زمان آبیاری درختان پرتقال تامسون‏ناول موقعی است که تانسیومتر مکش 60 کیلوپاسکال (ضریب تخلیه 52 درصد) را نشان دهد. علاوه براین، بهینه­ترین مقدار پتاسیم جهت کوددهی این درختان در شرایط ذکر شده، معادل 50 گرم پتاسیم ضرب در سن درخت می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آبیاری؛ تانسیومتر؛ پرولین؛ سیتروملو؛ نشت‏ یونی

مراجع

1- Anonymous. 2015. Agricultural Statistical. Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Department of Planning and Economy, Center for Information and Communication Technology, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

2- Asadi Kangarshahi A., and Akhlaghi Amiri N. 2015. Advanced and applied citrus nutrition. Agricultural Education and Extension. (In Persian)

3- Bates L., Waldren R., and Teare I. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil, 39: 205-207.

4- Blum A. 1996. Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. Plant Growth Regulation, 20: 33-45.

5- Bolat M., Dikilitas S., Ercisli A.I., kinci A., and Tonkaz T. 2014. The effect of water stress on some morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and bud success on apple and quince rootstocks. Scientific World Journal, 4: 769-732

6- Boman B.J., Obreza T.A., and Morgan K.T. 2008. Citrus best management practices: fertilizer rate recommendation and precision application in Florida. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, 1: 573–578.

7- Bremner J.M. 1996. Nitrogen-total. p. 1085-1121. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

8- Carlos B.L. 2013. Regulated deficit irrigation in citrus: agronomic response and water stress indicators. Ph.D. thesis, Polytechnic University of Valencia. Valencia, Spain.

9- Creighton J., Sleeper D.A., and Hubbard C. 1989. Tensiometers for irrigation scheduling in a florida citrus grove. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 102: 69-72.

10- Delauney A.J., and Verma D.P.S. 1993. Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants. The Plant Journal, 4: 215-223.

11- Ebadi H. 2011. Effect of water different levels of micro irrigation on quality and yield fruit of Thomson navel orange in the west of Mazandaran. Final report. Iran Citrus Research Institute. (In Persian with English abstract)

12- Fayez Kh.A., and Bazaid S.A. 2014. Improving drought and salinity tolerance in barley by application of salicylic acid and potassium nitrate. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 13: 45-55.

13- Fifaei R., Fotouhi Ghazvini R., Golein B., and Hamidoghli Y. 2016. Effect of drought stress on proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde and pigments content in northern commercial Citrus rootstocks. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17: 939-952. (In Persian with English abstract)

14- Ford H. 1972. Eight years of root injury from water table fluctuations. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 85: 65-68.

15- Garcia A.L., Torreclllas A., Leon A., and Ruiz-Sunches M.C. 1987. biochemical Indicators of the Water Stress in Maize Seedlings. Biologia Plantarum, 29: 45-48.

16- Garcia-Sanchez F., Syvertsen J.P., Gimeno V., Botia P., and Perez-Perez J.G. 2007. Responses to flooding and drought stress by two citrus rootstock seedlings with different water-use efficiency. Physiologia Plantarum, 130: 532–42.

17- Gee G.H., and Bauder J.W. 1986. Particle size analysis. p. 383-409. In: A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, physical properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

18- Gimeno V., Diaz-Lopez L., Simon-Grao S., Martinez V., Martinez-Nicolas J.J., and Garcia-Sanchez F. 2014. Foliar potassium nitrate application improves the tolerance of Citrus macrophylla L. seedlings to drought conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 83: 308-315.

19- Gonzalez-Altozano P., and Castel J.R. 1999. Regulated deficit irrigation in‘Clementina de Nules’ citrus trees. I. Yield and fruit quality effects. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 74: 706–713.

20- Gonzalez-Altozano P., and Castel J.R. 2000. Regulated deficit irrigation in “Clementina de Nules” citrus trees. II. Vegetative growth The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 75: 388–392.

21- Helmke Ph.A., and Sparks D.L. 1996. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. p. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

22- Hilgeman R.H., and Sharp F.O. 1970. Response of Valencia orange trees to four soils water schedules during 20 years. Journal of American Society of Horticulture Science, 95: 739 -745.

23- Hsiao T.C. 1973. Plant responses to water stress. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 24: 519-570.

24- Khammari I., Galavi M., Ghanbari A., Solouki M., and Poorchaman M.R.A. 2012. The effect of drought stress and nitrogen levels on antioxidant enzymes, proline and yield of Indian Senna (Cassia angustifolia L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 11: 2125-2130.

25- Khoshbakht D., Akbar Ramin A., and Baninasab B. 2014. Citrus Rootstocks Response to Salinity: Physio-biochemical Parameters Changes. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8: 29-38.

26- Lei Y.B., Yin C.Y., and Li C.Y. 2006. Differences in some morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to drought stress in two contrasting populations of Populus przewalskii. Physiologia Plantarum, 127: 182-191.

27- Loeppert R.H., and Sparks D.L. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. p. 437-474. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

28- Malik N.S.A., Perez J. L., Kunta M., Patt J.M., and Mangan R.L. 2014. Changes in free amino acids and polyamine levels in Satsuma leaves in response to Asian citrus psyllid infestation and water stress. Insect Science, 21: 707-716.

29- Mahdavi Reykande J., Akhlaghi Amiri N., and Shahabian M. 2013. Analyzing phenological stages of three citrus varieties at foothills, plain and shoreline areas of Sari in North of Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 6: 452-457.

30- Mooreand K.J., and Dixon Ph.M. 2015. Analysis of Combined Experiments Revisited. Agronomy Journal, 107: 763-771.

31- Morgan K.T., Obreza T.A, and Wheaton T.A. 2006. Size, biomass and nitrogen relationships with sweet orange tree growth. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 131: 149-156.

32- Morgan K.T, Obreza T.A., and Scholberg J.M.S. 2007. Orange tree fibrous root length distribution in space and time. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 132: 262-269.

33- Murray T.P., and Clapp J.G. 2004. Current fertilizer salt index tables are misleading. Communications in Soil Science and plant Analysis, 35: 2867-2873.

34- Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1996. Total carbon organic carbon and organic matter. p. 961-1011. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

35- Obreza T., and Morgan K.T. 2011. Nutrition of Florida Citrus Trees. University of Florida, IFAS Extension.

36- Olsen, S.R., and Sommers L.E. 1984. Phosphorus. p. 403-430. In A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part1, chemical and biological properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

37- Paramasivam, S., Alva A.K., and Fares A. 2000. An evaluation of soil water status using tensiometers in a sandy soil profile under citrus production. Journal of Soil Science, 165: 345-353.

38- Perez-Perez J.G., Garcia J., Robles J.M., and Botia P. 2010. Economic analysis of navel orange cv. ‘Lane Late’ grown on two different drought-tolerant rootstocks under deficit irrigation in South-eastern Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 97:157-164.

39- Rhoades J.D. 1996. Salinity Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. p. 417-437. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

40- Romero P., Navarro J.M., Perez-Perez J., Garcia-Sanchez F., Gomez-Gomez A., Porras I., Martinez V., and Botia P. 2006. Deficit irrigation and rootstock: their effects on water relations, vegetative development, yield, fruit quality and mineral nutrition of Clemenules mandarin. Tree Physiology, 26: 1537–1548.

41- Sanchez C.A., Wilcox M., Wright G.C., and Brown P. 1996. Efficient Irrigation and N Management for Lemons: Results for 1993-1996. Citrus Research Report, 22-44.

42- Skogley E.O., and Haby V.A. 1981. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 45:533-536.

43- Spiegel-Roy P., and Goldschmidt E.E. 1996. Biology of Citrus. Cambridge University Press.

44- Smajstrala A.G., and Koo R.C.J. 1985. Effects of trickle irrigation methods and amounts of water applied on citrus yield. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 97: 3-7.

45- Srivastava A.K., Shirgure P.S., and Shyam S. 2003. Differential fertigation response of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulate Balanco) on an alkaline Inceptisol under sub-humid tropical climate. Tropical Agriculture, 80: 97–104.

46- Thomas G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. p. 475-491. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.

47- Xie Sh., Liu Q., Xiong X., and Lovatt C.J. 2012. Effect of water stress on citrus photosynthetic characteristics. Acta Horticulturae, 928: 315-322

48- Yan B., Dai Q., Liu X., Huang S., and Wang Z. 1996. Flooding-induced membrane damage, lipid oxidation and activated oxygen generation in corn leaves. Plant Soil, 179:261-268.

49- Zandalinas S.I., Rivero R.M., Martinez V., Gomez-Cadenas A., and Arbona V. 2016. Tolerance of citrus plants to the combination of high temperatures and drought is associated to the increase in transpiration modulated by a reduction in abscisic acid levels. Plant Biology, 16:1-16.