تاثیر کمپوست بقایای هرس درختان بر برخی شاخص‌های میکروبیولوژیکی یک خاک آهکی در حضور میکوریز در شرایط رایزوباکس

آب و خاک

مقاله 10، دوره 32، شماره 6 - شماره پیاپی 62، بهمن 1397، صفحه 1165-1177   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.v32i5.71736

نویسندگان

رقیه واحدی^{* 1}؛ میرحسن رسولی صدقیانی²؛ محسن برین³

¹دانشگاه ارومیه

²؟

³ارومیه

چکیده

با توجه به کمبود مواد آلی در اغلب خاک­های ایران، بقایای هرس درختان میوه یکی از منابع مهم مواد آلی خاک به شمار می­روند که با تبدیل شدن به کمپوست به همراه تلقیح میکوریزی می­تواند از راهکارهای افزایش خصوصیات میکروبیولوژیک در خاک­های آهکی ­باشد. از این رو، در این پژوهش تاثیر کمپوست حاصل از بقایای هرس درختان میوه در حضور تلقیح میکوریزی بر برخی شاخص­های میکروبیولوژیکی یک خاک آهکی در قالب آزمایش فاکتوریل با طرح کاملاً تصادفی در شرایط گلخانه­ای در رایزوباکس اجرا گردید. فاکتورها شامل منابع آلی (کمپوست بقایای هرس، بقایای هرس و شاهد بدون ماده آلی) و خاک (خاک ریزوسفر و غیرریزوسفر) در شرایط تلقیح میکوریزی بودند. پس از پایان دوره رشد گیاه گندم، کربن آلی (OC)، کربن زیست توده میکروبی (MBC)، فسفر زیست توده میکروبی ((MBP، کسر متابولیکی (qCO2)، بهر میکروبی (MBC/OC) و شاخص قابلیت دسترسی به کربن (CAI)، فعالیت آنزیم­های فسفومنواستراز اسیدی (ACP) و قلیایی (ALP) و نیز درصد کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی ریشه در خاک­های ریزوسفری و غیرریزوسفری تعیین گردید. نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد کمپوست باعث افزایش OC، MBC، MBP و کاهش MBC/MBP نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. به طوریکه کمپوست بقایای هرسOC،  MBCوMBP را به ترتیب 08/8، 79/46 و 18/37 درصد در خاک ریزوسفر نسبت به غیرریزوسفر افزایش داد. بقایای هرس موجب افزایش 45/1، 26/1 و 3/1 برابری به ترتیب در qCO2،  CAI و ACP در خاک ریزوسفری در مقایسه با غیرریزوسفر شد. در حالی که بیشترین میزان بهر میکروبی در تیمار شاهد بدون ماده آلی بود. همچنین، بیشترین فعالیت ALP و درصد کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی ریشه را کمپوست بقایای هرس در خاک ریزوسفری به خود اختصاص داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بقایای هرس؛ رایزوباکس؛ کیفیت خاک؛ میکوریز

مراجع

1. Aghababaei F., Raiesi F., and Hosseinpur A. 2014.The Influence of earthworm and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity in a soil contaminated with cadmium in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation. Journal of Water and Soil, 27: 949-962. (in Persian with English abstract)

2. Anderson T.H., and Domsch K.H. 1990, Application of eco-physiological quociente (qCO2 and Dq) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22: 251–255.

3. Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Naqvi A.A., and Khanuja S.P.S. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36: 1737-1746.

4. Babalola O.A., Adesodun J.K., Olasantan F.O., and Adekunle A.F. 2012. Responses of some soil biological, chemical and physical properties to short-term compost amendment. International Journal of Soil Science, 7: 28-38.

5. Balik J., Pavlikova D., and Vanĕk V. 2007. The influence of long-term sewage sludge application on the activity of phosphatases in the rhizosphere of plants. Plant and Soil Environmental, 53: 375–381.

6. Benizri E., Nguyen C., Piutti S., Slezack-Deschaumes S., and Philippot L. 2007.Additions of maize root mucilage to soil changed the structure of the bacterial community. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39: 1230–1233.

7. Borken W., Muhs A., and Beese F. 2002. Changes in microbial and soil properties following compost treatment of degraded temperate forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 34: 403–412.

8. Brookes P.C., Powlson D.S., and Jenkinson D.S. 1982. Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 14:319-329.

9. Bunemann E.K., Schwenke G.D., and Van Zwieten L. 2006. Impact of agricultural inputs on soil organisms-a rewiew. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 44(4):379-406.

10. Bustamante M.A., Perez-Murcia M.D., Paredes C., Moral R., Pe´rez-Espinosa A., and Moreno-Caselles J. 2007. Short-term carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in soil amended with winery and distillery organic wastes. Bioresource Technology, 98: 3269–3277.

11. Cavagnaro, T.R. 2015. Biologically regulated nutrient supply systems: compost and arbuscular mycorrhizas-a review. Advances in Agronomy Journal, 129: 293–321.

12. Chauhan B.S., Stewart J.W.B., and Paul E.A. 1981. Effect of labile inorganic phosphate status and organic carbon additions on the microbial uptake of phosphorus in soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 61: 373–385.

13. Cheng W., Coleman D.C., Carroll C.R., and Hoffman C.A. 1993. In situ measurements of root respiration and soluble carbon concentrations in the rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25: 1189-1196.

14. Das P., Samantaray S., and Rout G.R. 1997. Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review. Environmental Pollution Journal, 98: 29-36.

15. De Neergaard A., and Magid J. 2001. Influence of the rhizosphere on microbial biomass and recently formed organic matter. European Journal of Soil Science, 52: 377-384.

16. Duong T.T.T., Penfold C., and Marschner P. 2012. Differential effects of composts on properties of soils with different textures. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48, 699–707.

17. Eghball B., Ginting D., and Gilley J.E. 2004. Residual effects of manure and compost applications on corn production and soil properties. Agronomy Journal, 96: 442- 447.

18. Fang S., Liu D., Tian Y. Deng S., and Shang X. 2013. Tree Species Composition Influences Enzyme Activities and Microbial Biomass in the Rhizosphere: A Rhizobox Approach. PLoS ONE, 18: e61461.

19. Fierer N., Schimel J.P., and Holden P.A. 2003. Variations in microbial community composition through two soil depth profiles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 167–176.

20. Gil-Sotres F., Trasar-Cepeda C., Leiros M.C., and Seoane S. 2005. Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37:877–887.

21. Herrick J.E. 2000. Soil quality: an indicator of sustainable land management. Applied Soil Ecology, 15: 75-83.

22. Imbeah M. 1997. Composting Piggery Waste: A Review. Bioresource Technology, 63: 197-203.

23. Jenkinson D.S., and Ladd J.N .1981. Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. In: Powl EA, Ladd JN (eds) Soil biochemistry. Dekker, New York, 415–417.

24. Kojima T., Hayatsu M., and Saito M. 1998. Intraradical hyphae phosphatase of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita. Biology and Fertility of Soil, 26(4): 331-335.

25. Kourtev P.S., Ehrenfeld J.G., and Häggblom M .2003. Experimental analysis of the effect of exotic and native plant species on the structure and function of soil microbial communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 895- 905.

26. Labidi S., Nasr H., Zouaghi M., and Wallander H. 2007. Effects of compost addition on extra-radical growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Acacia tortilis ssp. raddiana savanna in a pre-Saharan area. Appl. Soil Ecology, 35: 184–192.

27. Li H., Shao H., Li W., Bi R., and Bai Z. 2012. Improving soil enzyme activities and related quality properties of reclaimed soil by applying weathered coal in opencast-mining areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Clean Soil Air Water, 40:233–238.

28. Liang Y., Nikolic M., Peng Y., Chen W., and Jiang Y. 2005. Organic manure stimulates biological activity and barley growth in soil subject to secondary salinization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37: 1185–1195.

29. Mäder P., Edenhofer S., Boller T., Wiemken A., and Niggli U. 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 31:150-156.

30. Marinari S., Masciandaro G., Ceccanti B., and Grego S. 2000. Influence of organic and mineral fertilisers on soil biological and physical properties. Bioresource Technology, 72: 9-17.

31. Marschner P., Solaiman Z.M., and Rengel Z. 2005. Growth phosphorus uptake and rhizosphere microbial community composition of a phosphorus-efficient wheat cultivar in soils differing in pH. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 168: 343-351.

32. Martens R., 1991. Methoden zur quantitative Bestimmung und Charakterisierungder mikrobiellen biomasse in Böden. Eigenverlag des institutes für Bodenbiologie der FAL Braunschweig.

33. Norris J.R., Read D.J., and Varma AK. 1992. Methods in Microbiology, Volume 24, Techniques for the Study of Mycorrhiza, Academic Press, London.

34. Pane C., Piccolo A., Spaccini R., Celano G., Villecco D., and Zaccardelli M. 2013. Agricultural waste-based composts exhibiting suppressivity to diseases caused by the phytopathogenic soil-borne fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia minor. Applied Soil Ecology, 65: 43–51.

35. Rasmussen P.E., and Albrecht S.L. 1998. Crop management effects on organic carbon in semi-arid Pacific Northwest soils. In: Lal, R., et al. (Eds.), Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 209–219.

36. Redel Y., Escudey M., Alvear M., Conrad J., and Borie F. 2011. Effects of tillage and crop rotation on chemical phosphorus forms and some related biological activities in a Chilean Ultisol. Soil Use Management, 27: 221–228.

37. Ruiz-Lozano J.M., and Azcon R. 2000. Symbiotic efficiency and infectivity of an autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus sp. from saline soils and Glomus deserticola under salinity. Mycorrhiza, 10: 137-143.

38. Santos J.A., Nunes L. A.P.L., Melo W.J., and Araujo A.S.F. 2011. Tannery sludge compost amendment rates on soil microbial biomass of two different soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 47: 146–151.

39. Sheklabadi M., Khademi H., Eghbal M., and Nourbakhsh F. 2007. Effects of climateand long-term grazing exclusion on selected soil biological quality indicators in rangelandsof central Zagros.Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 41:103–116. (in Persian with English abstract)

40. Sinha S., Masto R.E., Ram L.C., Selvi V.A., Srivastava N.K., Tripathi R.C., and George J. 2009. Rhizosphere soil microbial index of tree species in a coal mining ecosystem, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41: 1824–1832.

41. Sparks D.L., Page A.L., Helmke P.A., Loeppert R.H., Soltanpour P.N., Tabatabai M.A., Johnston C.T., and Sumner M.E. 1996. p.1390. Methods of soil analysis Part 3- Chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America Book Ser. 5, Madison, Wiscons in, USA.

42. Tabatabai M.A., and Bremner J.M. 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1: 301-307.

43. Tarafdar J.C., and Jungk A. 1987. Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and its relation to the depletion of soil organic phosphorus. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 3:199-204.

44. Tanwar A., Aggarwal A., Yadav A., and Parkash V. 2013. Screening and selection of efficient host and sugarcane bagasse as substrate for mass multiplication of Funneliformis mosseae. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 29: 107–117.

45. Tejada M., and Gonzalez J.L. 2006. Crushed cotton gin compost on soil biological properties and rice yield. European Journal of Agronomy, 25: 22–29.

46. Valarini P. J., Curaqueo G., Seguel A., Manzano K., Rubio R., Cornejo P., Borie F. 2009. Effect of compost application on some properties of a volcanic soil from central South Chile. Journal of Agricultural Research, 69: 416–425.

47. Waldrop M.P., Zak D.R., Sinsabaugh R.L., Gallo M., and Lauber C. 2004. Nitrogen deposition modifies soil carbon storage through changes in microbial enzymatic activity. Ecological Applications. 14(4): 1172-1177.

48. Zaman M., Matsushima M., Chang S., Inubushi K., Nguyen L., Goto S., Kanek O.F., and Yoneyama T. 2004. Nitrogen mineralization, N2O production and soil microbiological prosperities as affected by long-term application of sewage sludge composts. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 40: 101 – 109.

49. Zhao Q., Zeng D., and Fan Z. 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in the rhizosphere of three tree species in a nutrient-poor sandy soil. Applied Soil Ecology, 46: 341-346.