1- Abaspour A., Kalbasi M., Haj Rasoliya Sh., and Gholchin A. 2005. Investigating the contamination of some Iranian agricultural lands with cadmium and lead. Ninth Iranian Soil Science Congress, Tehran 543-545. (In Persian)
2- Adhikari T., and Singh M.V. 2003. Sorption characteristics of lead and cadmium in some soils of India. Geoderma 114: 81–92.
3- Ahmad M., Rajapaksha A.U., Lim J.E., Zhang M., Bolan N., Mohan D., Vithanage M., Lee S.S., and Ok Y.S. 2014. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review. Chemosphere 99: 19-33.
4- Allison L.E., and Moodie C.D. 1965. Carbonate. p. 1379 -1396. In C.A. Black (ed.). Methods of Soil Analysis. part 2. American. Society. Agronomy, Madison. WI.
5- Beesley L., and Marmiroli M. 2011. The immobilisation and retention of soluble arsenic, cadmium and zinc by biochar. Environmental Pollution 159: 474-480.
6- Bian R., Joseph S., Cui L., Pan G., Li L., Liu X., and Donne S. 2014. A three-year experiment confirms continuous immobilization of cadmium and lead in contaminated paddy field with biochar amendment. Journal of Hazardous Materials 272: 121-128.
7- Bouyoucos G.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54: 464-465.
8- Bremner J.M. 1996. Nitrogen Total. In: D.L. Sparks et al., (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. 1085–1122. part 3-American. Society. Agronomy, Madison. WI.
9- Canbay M., Aydin A., and Kurtulus C. 2010. Magnetic susceptibility and heavy-metal contamination in topsoils along the Izmit Gulf coastal area and IZAYTAS (Turkey). Journal of Applied Geophysics 70: 46-57.
10- Dabrowski A., Hubicki Z., Podkoscelny P., and Robens E. 2004. Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method. Chemosphere 56: 91-106.
11- Dai S., Li H., Yang Z., Dai M., Dong X., Ge X., Sun M., and Shi L. 2018. Effects of biochar amendments on speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in coal-mine-contaminated soil. Human Ecological Risk Assess 24: 1887–1900.
12- Dang Y.P., Dalal R.C., Edwards D.G., and Tiller K.G. 1994. Kinetics of zinc desorption from vertisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 1392-1399.
13- Dehkhoda A.M., Ellis N., and Gyenge E. 2016. Effect of activated biochar porous structure on the capacitive deionization of NaCl and ZnCl2 solutions, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 224: 217–228.
14- Ding Z., Hu X., Wan Y., Wang S., and Gao B. 2016. Removal of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel from aqueous solutions by alkali-modified biochar: Batch and column tests. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 33: 239–245.
15- Dong D., Zhao X., Hua X., Liu J., and Gao M. 2009. Investigation of the potential mobility of Pb, Cd and Cr(VI) from moderately contaminated farmland soil to groundwater in northeast China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 162: 1261- 1268.
16- Fan Y, Wang B, Yuan S, Wua X, Chen J, and Wang L. 2010. Adsorptive removal of chloramphenicol from wastewater by NaOH modified bamboo charcoal. Bioresource Technology 101: 7661–7664.
17- Fellet G., Marchiol L., Delle Vedove G., and Peressotti A. 2011. Application of biochar on mine tailings: effects and perspectives for land reclamation. Chemosphere 83: 1262-1267.
18- Gaskin J., Steiner C., Harris K., Das K., and Bibens B. 2008. Effect of low_ temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agriculture use. Transaction of the Asabe 51: 2061-2069.
19- Hall G., Woodborne S., and Scholes M. 2008. Stable carbon isotope rations from archaeological charcoal as palaeoenvironmental indicators. Chemical Geology 247: 384-400.
20- Haluschak P. 2006. Laboratory methods of soil analysis. Canada -Manitoba soil survey 3-133.
21- Han F.X., Banin A., and Triplett G.B. 2001. Redistribution of heavy metals in arid- zone soils under a wetting- drying cycle soil moisture regime. Soil Science Journal 166: 18- 28.
22- Hutchison J.M., Seaman J.C., Aburime S.A., and Radcliffe D.E. 2003. Chromate transport and retention in variably saturated soil columns. Vadose Zone Journal 2: 702–714.
23- Jiang J., Xu R., Kou M., Jiang T., Yu S., and Li, Z. 2012. Immobilization of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) by the addition of rice straw derived biochar to a simulated polluted Ultisol. Journal of Hazardous Materials 229-230: 145-150.
24- Kim B., and. McBride M.B. 2006. A test of sequential extraction for determining metal speciation in sewage sluge- amended soils. Environmental Pollution Journal 144: 475 - 482.
25- Krishnamurti G.S.R., Huang P.M., and Kozak L.M. 1999. Sorption and desorption kinetics of cadmium from soils: influence of phosphate. Soil Science Journal 164: 888-898.
26- Kumpiene J., Lagerkvist A., and Maurice C. 2008. Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using amendments–a review. Waste Management 28: 215-225.
27- Li J.S., Wang P., and Liu L. 2013. Environmental prediction model for dynamic release of lead in contaminated soil under washing remediation. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 18: 55-70.
28- Lindsay W.L., and Norvell W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 421-428.
29- Lone M.I., He Z., Stoffella P.J., and Yang X. 2008. Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives. Journal Zhejiang University Science 9: 210-220.
30- Lua A.C., Yang T. and Guo J. 2004. Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the properties of activated carbons prepared from pistachio-nut shells. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 72: 279-287.
31- Lu S.G., Sun F.F., and Zong Y.T. 2014. Effect of rice husk biochar and coalfly ash on some physical properties of expansive clayey soil (Vertisol). Catena 114: 37–44.
32- Luo C., Shen Z., Lou S., and Li X. 2005. Enhanced phytoextraction of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd with EDTA and EDDS. Chemosphere 59: 1–11.
33- Ma L.Q., and Gade R.N. 1997a. Chemical Fractionation of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc in contaminated soils. Journal Environmental Science 26: 259 - 264.
34- Ma L., Xu R., and Jiang J. 2010b. Adsorption and desorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China. Journal Environmental Science 22: 689– 695.
35- Mouni L., Merabet D., Robert D., and Bouzaza A. 2009. Batch studies for the investigation of the sorption of the heavy metals Pb2+ and Zn2+ on to Amizour soil (Algeria). Geoderma 154: 30-35.
36- Nelson D.W., and Sommers L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. p. 961-1010. 3rd Ed. In: Sparks, D. L., et al., (Ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3- chemical methods and microbiological properties. Soil Science of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
37- Norozi M., Tabatabaii S.H., Norozi M.R., and Motaghyan H.R. 2016. Biochar short-term effects of date leaves on maintaining moisture in sandy loam soil. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation 6: 137-150. (In Persian)
38- Padmanabham, M. 1983. Comparative study of the adsorption - desorption behaviour of copper (II), zinc (II), cobalt (II) and lead (II) at the geothite solution interface. Australian Journal Soil Research 21: 515-525.
39- Park J.H., Ok Y.S., Kim S.H., Cho J.S., Heo J.S., Delaune R.D., and Seo D.C. 2016. Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw biochar in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 31: 142. 77-83.
40- Puga A.P., Abreu C.A., Melo L.C.A., and Beesley L. 2015. Biochar application to a contaminated soil reduces the availability and plant uptake of zinc, lead and cadmium. Journal of Environmental Management 159: 86-93.
41- Rhoades J.D., Sparks D.L., Page A.L., Helmke P.A., Loeppert R.H., Soltanpour P.N., and Sumner M.E. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. p. 417-435. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3-Chemical Methods.
42- Song W. and Guo M. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 94: 138-145.
43- Stewart M.A., Jardine P.M., Barnett M.O., Mehlhoun T.L., Heyder L.K., and Mckay L.D. 2003. Influence of soil geochemical and physical properties on the sorption and bioaccessibility of chromium (III). Journal Environmental Quality 32: 129-137.
44- Sumner M.E., Miller W.P., Sparks D.L., Page A.L., Helmke P.A., Loeppert R.H., and Johnston C.T. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. p. 1201-1229. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3-Chemical Methods.
45- Thomas G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. p. 475- 490. In D.L. Sparks et al., (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis. part 3-American Society of Agronomy., Madison. WI.
46- Uchimiya M., Bannon D.I., and Wartelle L.H. 2012. Retention of heavy metals by carboxyl functional groups of biochars in small arms range soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60: 1798–1809.
47- Wang H., Gao B., Wang S., Fang J., Xue Y., and Yang, K. 2015. Removal of Pb. II, Cu. II, and Cd. II from aqueous solutions by biochar derived from KMnO 4 treated hickory wood. Bioresource Technology 197: 356-362.
48- Xu Z., Xu X., Tsang D.C.W., Cao X. 2018. Contrasting impacts of pre- and post-application aging of biochar on the immobilization of Cd in contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution 242: 1362–1370.
49- Yang J.Y., Yang, X.E. He Z.L., Li T.Q., Shentu J.L., and Stoffella P.J. 2006. Effects of pH, organic acids, and inorganic ions on lead desorption from soils. Environmental Pollution 143: 9–15.
50- Yu X.Y., Ying G.G., and Kookana R.S. 2009. Reduced plant uptake of pesticides with biochar additions to soil. Chemosphere 76: 665–671.
51- Zhang W.X. 2003a. Nano scale iron particles for environmental remediation: An overview. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 5: 323–332.
52- Zhang R.H., Li Z.G., Liu X.D., Wang B.C., Zhou G.L., Huang X.X., Lin C.F., Wang A.H., and Brooks M. 2017b. Immobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in greenhouse soils amended with rice strawderived biochar. Ecologecal Engenearing 98: 183–188.
1؛ مجید فکری2؛ مجید محمود آبادی2؛ اسما سلجوقی3؛ مجید حجازی مهریزی4
