The role of pH, organic matter and weathering intensity on geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Ni-bearing laterites in the Bavanat region, Fars province

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

Article 8, Volume 12, Issue 3 - Serial Number 26, 2020, Pages 433-446   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/econg.v12i3.79515

Authors

Mohammad Ali Rajabzadeh^* ; Masoumeh Hedayati

Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The Ni-laterites were mostly derived from ultramafic rocks in ophiolite complexes during weathering in tropical climate. Lateritization processes result in leaching of some major elements (Si and Mg) from the source rocks and concentration of some others (Ni, Fe, Cr and Co) in the residual soils. The Ni-bearing laterites are divided into three major subgroups including oxides, silicates and clay types (Berger et al., 2011). Hematite and goethite are the main constituents of the oxides type, whereas garnierite is the main carrier for Ni in silicates type. In the clay laterite, saponite and smectite are the main Ni-carriers.
The Bavanat region contains Ni-bearing laterites as discontinuous outcrops which have formed on ophiolite ultramafic rocks in the northeast Fars province. These ultramafics are remnants of Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere which have been emplaced on continental margin along the Zagros Suture Zone in the Late Cretaceous era (Rajabzadeh, 1998). These laterites have recently attracted some geologists to work on them (e.g. Khademi and Hasheminassab, 2010; Rasti and Rajabzadeh, 2017). The aim of this study is to determine the effects of pH, organic matter (OM) and weathering intensity on the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Ni-laterites in the Chesmeh Rostami area, Bavanat region.
 
Materials and methods
Sampling was carried out along three geological cross sections on undisturbed laterite profiles. The samples were studied using refracted and reflected light microscopic methods. Nine of the representative samples were analyzed using XRD and ICP-MS methods at the Iran Minerals Processing Research Center. PH and OM values of the samples from different soil horizons were determined using routine analytical methods.
 
Results
An undisturbed laterite profile consists of four major horizons from base to top including protolith, saprolite, transitional and oxide zones. pH values vary in a narrow range through the soil profiles. The minimum (6.82) and maximum (7.99) values were determined just in the weathering front at the top of the protolith and at the top of oxide horizon, respectively. In the same way, OM of the soils increases from protolith (0.140 wt.%) to the oxide zone (1.475 wt.%).
Protolith is generally a decomposed harzburgite that appears in dark green color. It mainly consists of lizardite with relicts of olivine and orthopyroxene and minor amounts of quartz, clinochlore and hematite. Protolith traditionally transforms to saprolite. The latter is easily discriminated by its softness in field and its light green to gray color. Lizardite and quartz are the major minerals which are accompanied with amorphous iron oxy-hydroxides and silica. Transitional zone is located as a narrow zone between saprolite below and oxide horizon above. No relicts of the source rock are preserved here. It appears as a soil of yellow to orange in color. XRD data from this horizon indicated that calcite and hematite are present as major phases along with minor lizardite and quartz. Oxide horizon is a very soft and porous dark to light red soil that has 12m thickness. This horizon mainly consists of hematite, goethite and clinochlore with variable amounts of amorphous silica and iron oxides.
Geochemically, Fe₂O₃ (8.31-25.75 wt.%), MnO (0.11-0.27 wt.%), Ni (1898-6793 ppm), Co (40-152 ppm) and Cr (131-3985 ppm) concentrations increase continuously from base to top of the laterites. There is good correlation between Ni and Fe₂O₃. On the contrary, silica (41.17 to 37.17 wt.%) and MgO (18.45 to 10.97 wt.%) contents decrease from base towards the top of laterites.
Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW) and Rate Weathering (RW) were used in determination of the weathering intensity during lateralization processes. The calculated data indicated that weathering intensity is medium to weak in the Bavanat region.
 
Discussion
Ni-bearing laterites in the Bavanat region were formed during weathering of the ophiolite ultramafic rocks at semi-tropical conditions. Four major horizons were formed through vertical profiles of the laterites. However, low concentration of Ni in the source rock by one side and medium to weak intensity of weathering by other side result in production of low-grade Ni-laterites. This is confirmed by pH values and remnants of chromite grains in the protolith horizon. However, weathering causes decomposition of the source rocks resulting in weak liberation of elements. Some elements such as Si and Mg have leached away, but high values of OM and pH at the top of the soils helped Fe fixation (Kabata- Pendias and Pendias, 1999; Thorne et al., 2009). Good correlation between Fe and Ni indicates that iron oxides and hydroxides play the role of scavenger for Ni. Mobility of Ni decreases in the presence of OM and high pH. It thus adsorbs on the Fe compounds. The Ni-laterites in the Bavanat are classified in oxide type clan.
 
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Research Council of Shiraz University for financial support of this work.       
 
References
Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Bliss, J.D. and Moring, B.C., 2011. Ni- Co Laterite Deposits of the World-databaseand Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 30 pp.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H., 1999. Biogeochemistry of trace elements. Polish Scientific Publishing Company (PWN), Warsaw, Poland, 400 pp.
 Khademi, A. and Hasheminassab, M., 2010. Study on mining potential of Ni-laterites from Ghader Abad, Fars province. 29^th symposium of Earth Sciences, Tarbiat Moallem University Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)
Rajabzadeh, M.A., 1998. Mineralisation en chromite et elements du groupe du platine dans les ophiolites d’Assemion et de Neyriz centrure du Zagros, Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Institue National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy, France, 358 pp.
Rasti, S. and Rajabzadeh, M.A., 2017. Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Serpentinite-Derived Ni-Bearing Laterites from Fars Province, Iran: Implications for the Lateritization Process and Classification of Ni-Laterites. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 11(7): 541–546.
Thorne, R., Herrington, R. and Roberts, S., 2009. Composition and origin of the Çaldağ oxide nickel laterite, W. Turkey. Mineralium Deposita, 44(5): 565–581.

Keywords

pH; organic matter; geochemistry; mineralogy; nickel; laterite; Bavanat

References

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Bliss, J.D. and Moring, B.C., 2011. Ni- Co Laterite Deposits of the World-databaseand Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 30 pp.

Butt, C. and Cluzel, D., 2013. Nickel laterite ore deposits: weathered serpentinites. Elements, 9(2): 123–128.

Dalvi, D., Bacon, W.G. and Osborne, R.C., 2004. Past and the future of nickel laterite projects. In: W. P. Imrie, D.‌M. Lane (Editors), International Nickel Laterite Symposium TMS. 133 Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Charlotte, North Carolina, pp. 23–50.

Dimirkou, A., Ioannou, Z., Golia, E.E., Danalatos, N. and Mitsios, I.K., 2009. Sorption of cadmium and arsenic by goethite and clinoptilolite. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 40(1–6): 259–272.

Giménez, J., Martinez, M., de Pablo, J., Rovira, M. and Duro, L., 2007. Arsenic sorption onto natural hematite, magnetite, and goethite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141(3): 575–580.

Golightly, J.P., 2010. Progress in understanding the evolution of nickel laterites. In: R.J. Goldfarb, E.E. Marsh and T. Monecke (Editors), The Challenge of Finding New Mineral Resources: Global Metallogeny, Innovative Exploration, and New Discoveries. Special Publications of the Society of Economic Geologists, V. 15. Society of Economic Geologists, McLean, pp. 451–485.

Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H., 1999. Biogeochemistry of trace elements. Polish Scientific Publishing Company (PWN), Warsaw, Poland, 400 pp.

Katzagiannakis, N., Alevizos, G., Stamboliadis, E., Stratakis, A. and Petrakis, E., 2014. Mineralogical investigation and washability treatment of the nickeliferous lateritic deposit of nome (Albania). Geomaterials, 4(3): 87–105.

Khademi, A. and Hasheminassab, M., 2010. Study on mining potential of Ni-laterites from Ghader Abad, Fars province. 29^th symposium of Earth Sciences, Tarbiat Moallem University Tehran, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)

Kotaś, J. and Stasicka, Z., 2000. Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation. Environmental pollution, 107(3): 263–283.

Mason, B. and Moore, K.B. (translated by Moore, F. and Sharafi, A.A.), 2003. Principle of Geochemistry. Shiraz University Press, Shiraz, 566 pp.

Oveisi, B., 2001. Geological map of Surian. Scale 1:100,000. Geological Survey of Iran.

Rajabzadeh, M.A., 1998. Mineralisation en chromite et elements du groupe du platine dans les ophiolites d’Assemion et de Neyriz centrure du Zagros, Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Institue National Polytechnique de Lorraine, Nancy, France, 358 pp.

Rasti, S. and Rajabzadeh, M.A., 2017. Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Serpentinite-Derived Ni-Bearing Laterites from Fars Province, Iran: Implications for the Lateritization Process and Classification of Ni-Laterites. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering, 11(7): 541–546.

Robb, J., 2005. Hydrothermal ore forming processes. Introduction to ore forming processes. Black well publishing Company, Carlton, Australia, 355 pp.

Selvaraj, K. and Chen, C.T.A., 2006. Moderate chemical weathering of subtropical Taiwan, constraints from solid-phase geochemistry of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Geology, 114(1): 101–116.

Thorne, R., Herrington, R. and Roberts, S., 2009. Composition and origin of the Çaldağ oxide nickel laterite, W. Turkey. Mineralium Deposita, 44(5): 565–581.

Van der Ent, A., Baker, A.J., Reeves, R.D., Pollard, A.J. and Schat, H., 2013a. Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction. Plant and Soil, 362(1–2):319–364.

Van der Ent, A., Baker, A.J.M., van Balgooy, M.M.J. and Tjoa, A., 2013b. Ultramafic nickel laterites in Indonesia (Sulawesi, Halmahera): Mining, nickel hyperaccumulators and opportunities for phytomining. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 362(1–2): 319–334.

 Villanova-de-Benavent, C., Proenza, J.A., Galí, S., García-Casco, A., Tauler, E., Lewis, J.F. and Longo, F., 2014. Garnierites and garnierites: Textures, mineralogy and geochemistry of garnierites in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Dominican Republic. Ore Geology Reviews, 58: 91–109.

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rockforming minerals. Journal of American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187.