پیامد آلودگی هم‌زمان کادمیم و سرب بر شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی خاک

آب و خاک

مقاله 9، دوره 34، شماره 6 - شماره پیاپی 74، بهمن 1399، صفحه 1309-1322   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.2020.15042.0

نویسندگان

ناهید آزادی^{* 1}؛ فایز رئیسی²

¹دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد

²استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد

چکیده

آلودگی خاک به کادمیم و سرب از جمله تنش­های مهم و متداول رو به گسترش در محیط است که رشد و فعالیت جمعیت میکروبی خاک را تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهند. این دو فلز سمی ممکن است به­صورت منفرد و یا هم­زمان در خاک وجود داشته باشند. گرچه اثر منفرد آن­ها بر ویژگی­های بیوشیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی خاک شناخته شده است، اما اثر مشترک آن­ها بر کارکرد میکروبی هنوز مشخص نیست. از این رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر برهم­کنش کادمیم و سرب بر برخی ویژگی­های بیوشیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی در یک خاک آهکی طی 120 روز انکوباسیون بود. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل (شامل دو سطح کادمیم و دو سطح سرب) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و در شرایط آزمایشگاهی اجرا شد. نتایج نشان داد که حضور هم­زمان کادمیم و سرب موجب افزایش غلظت قابل جذب این فلزات و ضریب ویژه تنفسی در مقایسه با خاک­های تیمار شده با حضور منفرد این فلزات گردید. همچنین حضور هم­زمان دو فلز موجب کاهش بیشتر معدنی­شدن کربن و نیتروژن، آمونیفیکاسیون آرژنین، سرعت نیترات­سازی، کربن و نیتروژن زیست­توده میکروبی، تنفس پایه، تنفس ناشی از سوبسترا و فعالیت آنزیمی (اوره­آز، آریل سولفاتاز، فسفومنواستراز قلیایی، دهیدروژناز، کاتالاز و هیدرولیز فلوروسین دی­استات) در مقایسه با تیمارهای با حضور منفرد کادمیم و سرب شد. بنابراین، حضور هم­زمان دو فلز، اثرات منفی و بازدارندگی یکدیگر را بر رشد و فعالیت جمعیت میکروبی و کیفیت زیستی خاک تشدید می­کنند. این یافته­ها نشان می­دهند که هنگام ارزیابی خطر اکولوژیکی کادمیم و سرب در محیط­های آلوده باید اثر متقابل آن­ها بر جامعه خاکزیان نیز مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آلودگی هم‌زمان فلزات؛ فعالیت آنزیمی؛ فعالیت میکروبی؛ کارکرد میکروبی؛ مدل بلیس

مراجع

1. Alef K., and Kleiner D. 1987. Applicability of arginine ammonification as indicator of microbial activity in different soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 5: 148-151.
2. Alef K., and Nannipieri P. 1995. Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, Academic Press, London.
3. Alloway B.J. 2013. Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. In: Alloway BJ (Ed.), Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils, and their Bioavailability. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, pp. 11–50.
4. Amlinger F., and Boltzmann L. 1995. Biowaste compost and heavy metals: a danger for soil and environment. In: de Bertoldi P.S.M. Lemmes B. and Papi T. (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Science of Composting. Blakie Academic and Professional. Glasgow. UK.
5. Bonde T.A., Nielsen T.H., Miller M., and Sorenson J. 2001. Arginine ammonification assay as a rapid index of gross N mineralization in agricultural soils. Biolology and Fertility of Soils 34: 179-184.
6. Bunemann E.K., Bongiorno G., Bai Z., Creamer R.E., de Deyn G., de Goede R., Fleskens L., Geissen V., Kuyper T.W., Mäder P., and Pulleman M. 2018. Soil quality–A critical review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 120: 105-125.
7. Chaperon S., and Sauve S. 2007. Toxicity interaction of metals (Ag, Cu, Hg, Zn) to urease and dehydrogenase activities in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39: 2329-2338.
8. Christensen B.T. 2004. Tightening the nitrogen cycle. In: Schjonning S. Elmholt S. and Christensen B.T. (eds.) Managing Soil Quality Challenges in Modern Agriculture. Oxon. UK. CABI Publishing. pp. 47-67.
9. Dai J., Becquer T., Rouiller J.H., Reversat G., Bernhard-Reversat F., and Lavelle P. 2004. Influence of heavy metals on C and N mineralization and microbial biomass in Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, and Cd-contaminated soils. Applied Soil Ecology 25: 99-109.
10. Dick R.P. 1997. Soil enzyme activities as integrative indicators of soil health. In: Pankhurst CE, Doube BM, Gupta VVSR (eds) Biological indicators of soil health. CAB International, New York, pp 121–156.
11. Effron D., Horra A.M., Defrieri R.L., Fontanive V., and Palma R.M. 2004. Effect of cadmium, copper and lead on different enzyme activities in a native forest soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 35: 1309-1321.
12. Fan J., Cai C., Chi H., Reid B.J., Coulon F., Zhang Y., and Hou Y. 2020. Remediation of cadmium and lead polluted soil using thiol-modified biochar. Journal of Hazardous Materials 388: 122037.
13. Gomes P.C., Fontes M.P., Silva A.G., Mendonça E., and Netto A.R. 2001. Selectivity sequence and competitive adsorption of heavy metals by Brazilian soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65: 1115-1121.
14. Green V., Stott D., and Diack M. 2006. Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity: optimization for soil samples. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 693-701.
15. He Z.L., Yang X.E., and Stoffella P.J. 2005. Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 3: 125-140.
16. Huang S., Jia X., Zhao Y., Bai B., and Chang Y. 2017. Elevated CO₂ benefits the soil microenvironment in the rhizosphere of Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings in Cd and Pb contaminated soils. Chemosphere 168: 606-616.
17. Joergensen R.G. 1995. Microbial biomass estimation: the fumigation incubation method. In: Alef K., and Nannipieri P. (Eds). Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press. pp. 376–381.
18. Kabata-Pendias A., and Mukherjee A.B. 2007. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Springer Science. Heidelberg, 550p.
19. Khan S., Hesham A.E.L., Qiao M., Rehman S., and He J.Z. 2010. Effects of Cd and Pb on soil microbial community structure and activities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 17: 288–296.
20. Lei S., Shi Y., Qiu Y., Che L., and Xue C. 2019. Performance and mechanisms of emerging animal-derived biochars for immobilization of heavy metals. Science of the Total Environment 646: 1281-1289.
21. Lindsay W.L., and Norvell W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42: 421-428.
22. Liu J., Xie J., Chu Y., Sun C., Chen C., and Wang Q. 2008. Combined effect of cypermethrin and copper on catalase activity in soil. Soils and Sediments 8: 327-332.
23. Long S.M., Reichenberg F., Lister L.J., Hankard P.K., Townsend J., Mayer P., Wright J., Holmstrup M., Svendsen C., and Spurgeon D.J. 2009. Combined chemical (Fluoranthene) and drought effects on Lumbricus rubellus demonstrate the applicability of the independent action model for multiple stressor assessment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28: 629–636.
24. Lu M., Xu K., and Chen J. 2013. Effect of pyrene and cadmium on microbial activity and community structure in soil. Chemosphere 91: 491–497.
25. Lu S.G., and Xu Q.F. 2009. Competitive adsorption of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by different soils of Eastern China. Environmental Geology 57: 685–693.
26. Luo L.Y., Xie L.L., Jin D.C., Mi B.B., Wang D.H., Li X.F., Dai X.Z., Zou X.X., Zhang Z., Ma Y.Q., and Liu F. 2019. Bacterial community response to cadmium contamination of agricultural paddy soil. Applied Soil Ecology 139: 100-106.
27. Moreno J.L., García C., and Hernández T. 2003. Toxic effect of cadmium and nickel on soil enzymes and the influence of adding sewage sludge. European Journal of Soil Science 54: 377–386.
28. Nannipieri P. 1994. The potential use of soil enzymes as indicators of productivity, sustainability and pollution.In: Pankhurst, C.E., Doube, B.M., Gupta, V.V.S.R., Grace, P.R. (Eds.), Soil Biota, Management in Sustainable Farming Systems. CSIRO Publications, Australia, pp.238–244.
29. Palansooriya K.N., Shaheen S.M., Chen S.S., Tsang D.C.W., Hashimoto Y., Houg D., Bolanh N.S., Rinklebeb J., and Oka Y.S. 2020. Soil amendments for immobilization of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: A critical review. Environment International 134: 105046.
30. Pan J., and Yu L. 2011. Effects of Cd or/and Pb on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure. Ecological Engineering 37: 1889-1894.
31. Park J.H., Cho J.S., Ok Y.S., Kim S.H., Heo J.S., Delaune R.D., and Seo D.C. 2016. Comparison of single and competitive metal adsorption by pepper stem biochar. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 62: 617-632.
32. Raiesi F. 2007. The conversion of overgrazed pastures to almond orchards and alfalfa cropping system may favor microbial indicators of soil quality in central Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 121: 309-318.
33. Raiesi F., Razmkhah M., and Kiani S. 2018. Salinity stress accelerates the effect of cadmium toxicity on soil N dynamics and cycling: Does joint effect of these stresses matter? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 153: 160-167.
34. Raiesi F., and Sadeghi E. 2019. Interactive effect of salinity and cadmium toxicity on soil microbial properties and enzyme activities. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 168: 221-229.
35. Raiesi F., and Dayani L. 2020. Compost application increases the ecological dose values in a non-calcareous agricultural soil contaminated with cadmium. Ecotoxicology1-14.
36. Rieuwerts J.J., Thornton I., Farago M.E., and Ashmore M.R. 1998. Factors influencing metal bioavailability in soils: preliminary investigations for development of a critical loads approach for metals. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 10: 61-75.
37. Singh B.K., Quince C., Macdonald C.A., Khachane A., Thomas N., Al-Soud W.A., Sorensen S.J., He Z., White D., Sinclair A., Crooks B., Zhou J., and Campbell C.D. 2014. Loss of microbial diversity in soils is coincident with reductions in some specialized functions. Environmental Microbiology 16: 2408–2420.
38. Smolders E., and Mertens J. 2013. Cadmium. In: Alloway BJ (Ed.), Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils, and their Bioavailability. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, pp. 283–311.
39. Steinnes E. 2013. Lead. In: In: Alloway BJ (Ed.), Heavy Metals in Soils: Trace Metals and Metalloids in Soils, and their Bioavailability. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, pp. 395–409.
40. Tabatabai M.A., and Bremner J.M. 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1: 301–307.
41. Tabatabai M.A., and Bremner J.M. 1970. Arylsulphatase activity of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 34: 225–229.
42. Thalmann A. 1966. The determination of the dehydrogenase activity in soil by means of TTC (Triphenyltetrazolium). Soil Biology and Biochemistry 6: 46-49.
43. Usman A.R.A. 2008. The relative adsorption selectivites of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni by soils developed on shale in New Valley Egypt. Geoderma 144: 334-343.
44. Veeresh H., Tripathy S., Chaudhuri D., Hart B.R., and Powell M.A. 2003. Competitive adsorption behavior of selected heavy metals in three soil types of India amended with fly ash and sewage sludge. Environmental Geology 44: 363-370.
45. Vig K., Megharaj M., Sethunathan N., and Naidu R. 2003. Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review. Advances in Environmental Research 8: 121-135.
46. Wang Y., Liu Y., Zhan W., Zheng K., Wang J., Zhang C., and Chen R. 2020. Stabilization of heavy metal-contaminated soils by biochar: Challenges and recommendations. Science of the Total Environment 729: 139060.
47. Wang Y.P., Shi Y.J., Wang H., Lin Q., Chen X.C., and Chen Y.X. 2007. The influence of soil heavy metals pollution on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and community composition near a copper smelter. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67: 75–81.
48. Xin J.L., Huang B.F., Yang Z.Y., Yuan J.G., Dai H.W., and Qiu Q. 2010. Responses of different water spinach cultivars and their hybrid to Cd, Pb and Cd-Pb exposures. Journal of Hazardous Materials 175: 468–476.
49. Xu Y., Seshadri B., Bolan N., Sarkar B., Ok Y.S., Zhang W., Rumpel C., Sparks D., Farrell M., Hall T., and Dong Z. 2019. Microbial functional diversity and carbon use feedback in soils as affected by heavy metals. Environment International 125: 478–488.
50. Zhan J., Li T., Zhang X., Yu H., and Zhao L. 2018. Rhizosphere characteristics of phytostabilizer Athyrium wardii (Hook.) involved in Cd and Pb accumulation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 148: 892-900.
51. Zhao W., Sachsenmeier K., Zhang L., Sult E., Hollingsworth R.E., and Yang H. 2014. A new bliss independence model to analyze drug combination data. Journal of Biomolecular Screening 19: 817-821.