معیارهای محاسبه خسارت در حقوق ایران، انگلیس و اسناد بین‌المللی

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

دوره 27، شماره 18، اسفند 1399، صفحه 325-385  

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/lowecon.2021.67734.1000

نویسندگان

علی شهابی¹؛ سید حسین صفایی ²؛ بهروز اخلاقی³؛ منصور امینی⁴

¹دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

²استاد گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

³دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

⁴دانشیار دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

 تلقی حداقلی از نهاد خسارت معضلی اساسی در حقوق ایران و نظام مسئولیت قراردادی ما است که دائماً وسوسة یک پژوهش حقوقی در قیاس با سایر نظام‌های حقوقی و نیز تجربه­های مشترکی که در عرصة تجارت بین­الملل خلق شده را به جای می­گذارد. از این رهگذر، مرور معیارهای محاسبة خسارات و بازخوانی اندیشه­های ارائه­شده در دنیای مدرن (با نگاهی به مقتضیات اقتصادی در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه مانند ایران) ناگزیر می­نماید. بدین ترتیب، ضمن بررسی طرق ارزیابی خسارات ناشی از عدم انجام تعهد در نظام حقوقی انگلیس (در کنار تحلیل پژوهش‌های نوین در این حوزه) و نیز برخی از معتبرترین اسناد بین­المللی نظیر کنوانسیون بیع بین­المللی کالا، اصول قراردادهای تجاری بین­المللی، اصول اروپایی حقوق قراردادها و چارچوب ارجاع مشترک، سعی شده تا خوانشی از این معیارها ارائه شود که از تلقیات موجود در خصوص نهاد خسارت فراتر می­رود. با تحلیل آثار اقتصادی مبانی «اعاده»، «انتظار» و «اعتماد» و نیز نظریات مدرن­تری چون «قراردادهای ناقص» و «نقض کارآمد» (و نیز پژوهش‌های مبتنی بر تحلیل اقتصادی در اوایل قرن بیستم)، با توجه به مقتضیات بازار داخلی، به نظر می­رسد در کوتاه­مدت می­توان به مبنای قابل توجیهی چون «انتظار» توجه نشان داد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

نقض تعهد؛ ضمانت اجرا؛ خسارت؛ معیار محاسبه

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