بررسی نقش بنادر در نظریه‌های جغرافیای سیاسی/ژئوپلیتیک و ارائه نظریه "قدرت بندری"

پژوهش ‎های جغرافیای سیاسی

مقاله 5، دوره 5، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 20، دی 1399، صفحه 91-114   

نوع مقاله: مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): Doi:org/10.22067/pg.v5i4.89374

نویسندگان

حسن نورعلی¹؛ سید عباس احمدی^{* 2}

¹دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

²دانشیار گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

تاکنون نظریه‌های گوناگونی در رشته جغرافیای سیاسی و شاخه مکمل آن، ژئوپلیتیک، از سوی متفکران جهانی‌اندیش مطرح شده‌است. بنادر، که از مولفه‌های سیاسی-فضایی کشورهای ساحلی با نقش ژئواکونومیک دروازه‌ای و ژئواستراتژیک دفاعی-نظامی‌محسوب می‌شوند، به عنوان ارتباط‌دهنده دو پهنه جغرافیایی خشکی و دریا همواره مورد توجه این‌ اندیشمندان قرار گرفته‌اند. با این وجود، نظریه مجزایی از سوی آنها با مرکزیت بنادر در بازی قدرتها مطرح نشده‌است. از این رو ما در این پژوهش سعی کرده‌ایم ضمن بررسی نقش بنادر در نظریه‌های جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، نظریه «قدرت بندری» را در مقابل قدرت بری و بحری پیشین مطرح سازیم. از این رو، این دو مبحث هدف اصلی ما را در این پژوهش تشکیل می‌دهد. تحقیق حاضر از نوع پژوهش‌های بنیادی و نظری بوده و اطلاعات و مواد اولیه تحلیل به روش کتابخانه‌ای و با‌ استفاده از کتب و مقالات علمی و همچنین وبگاه‌های معتبر و یا مرجع به دست آمده ‌است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که نظم ژئوپلیتیک جهانی قرن بیست و یکم از قدرت بری و قدرت بحری به سوی قدرت بندری در حرکت ‌است و در آینده کشوری که بنادر را کنترل می‌کند، حاکم جهان خواهد بود، زیرا در نظم در حال گذار کنونی، قدرت ها، به ویژه قدرت های نوظهور در آرزوی ابرقدرتی، هم برای کنترل هارتلند و هم برای تبدیل شدن به یک قدرت دریایی در سیستمی ‌که بیش از 80 درصد تجارت جهانی مبتنی بر حمل و نقل دریایی‌است، متکی بر مبادی جغرافیایی دیگری هستند که آن "بندر" نام دارد و متصل کننده دو پهنه جغرافیایی دریا و خشکی‌است. در واقع قدرت بندری، قدرتی‌است که هم بازیگر اصلی در دریاها، به ویژه حمل‌ونقل دریایی‌است و هم به خشکی نفوذناپذیر اوراسیا به عنوان سرزمین قلبی جهان (به واسطه بنادر) دسترسی و نفوذ دارد و کشور هژمون اصلی در سرمایه گذاری، نفوذ و کنترل بنادر جهان محسوب می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بندر؛ نظریه‌های جغرافیای سیاسی؛ نظریه‌های ژئوپلیتیک؛ قدرت بندری

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