بررسی اثرات زیست‌محیطی کشت سویا (Glycine max (L.) Merril) در مناطق شرقی و مرکزی استان مازندران با رویکرد ارزیابی چرخه حیات

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 8، دوره 14، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 52، تیر 1401، صفحه 309-330   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2021.67358.1000

نویسندگان

فائزه محمدی کشکا¹؛ زین العابدین طهماسبی سروستانی^{* 1}؛ همت اله پیردشتی²؛ علی متولی³؛ مهدی نادی⁴

¹گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، تهران، ایران.

²گروه زراعت، پژوهشکده ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری کشاورزی طبرستان، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.

³گروه مهندسی مکانیک بیوسیستم، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

⁴گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران.

چکیده

دستیابی به تولید بیش‌تر غذا به‌دلیل محدودیت منابع آبی و زمین‌های زراعی در مقایسه با جمعیت در حال رشد و افزایش تقاضای مصرف نیازمند افزایش عملکرد در واحد سطح با مصرف بیش‌تر مواد و انرژی است؛ که علاوه‌بر هزینه بیش‌‌تر منجر به پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی جبران‌ناپذیری نیز خواهد شد. در این راستا، نیاز به بررسی دقیق وضعیت زیست‌محیطی تولیدات کشاورزی به‌منظور شناسایی نقاط بحرانی زیست‌محیطی با هدف تلاش برای کاهش آن‌ها برای رسیدن به تولید پایدارتر محصولات کشاورزی احساس می‌شود. با توجه به این حقیقت، مطالعه حاضر به بررسی اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید سویا (Glycine max (L.) Merril) در شهرستان‌های مختلف استان مازندران با رویکرد ارزیابی چرخه حیات پرداخته است. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اثرات زیست‌محیطی از مدل IMPACT 2002+ موجود در نرم‌افزار سیماپرو (SimaPro) به‌ازای واحد کارکردی یک تن دانه تولیدی استفاده و در نهایت، نتایج ارزیابی در قالب چهار گروه آسیب سلامت انسان، کیفیت بوم‌نظام، تغییر اقلیم و خسارت به منابع ارائه گردید. نتایج پژهش حاضر نشان داد که کشت سویا در منطقه و تحت شرایط کنونی مصرف نهاده‌ها دارای بیش‌ترین تأثیر بر شاخص آسیب سلامت انسان بوده که انتشار مستقیم (داخل مزرعه) ناشی از مصرف نهاده‌های دیزل و کود شیمیایی بیش‌ترین سهم را در این رده خسارت داشتند. از نظر پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی نیز انتشار مستقیم ناشی از عملیات زراعی (به‌ویژه نشر کربن دی اکسید حاصل از احتراق دیزل) بیش از 51 درصد از خسارت کل این رده اثر را به خود اختصاص داده بود. مقادیر کل خسارت‌ زیست‌محیطی برای تولید یک تن دانه سویا در شهرستان‌های مختلف از mPt 76/228 تا mPt 77/439 متغیر بوده که در این بین شهرستان‌های گلوگاه و قائم‌شهر، کم‌ترین و ساری و آمل، بیش‌ترین مقدار را داشتند. به‌طور کلی، نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تولید و استفاده از سوخت دیزل و کودهای شیمیایی اصلی‌ترین نقاط بحرانی زیست‌محیطی در تولید سویا در استان مازندران بودند. بنابراین، به‌منظور کاهش اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید سویا در این منطقه، می‌توان از روش‌های مدیریتی صحیحی چون استفاده از نهاده‌های بوم‌سازگار از جمله ریزجانداران افزاینده رشد گیاه، برقراری تناوب صحیح زراعی و قرار دادن گیاهان مناسب و سازگار با شرایط منطقه در تناوب با سویا، خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و تجهیز و نوسازی ماشین‌آلات فرسوده بهره جست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ارزیابی اثرات چرخه حیات؛ شاخص سلامت انسان؛ کیفیت بوم‌نظام؛ گرمایش جهانی

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