Effect of Spent Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus Imbach.) Compost on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in Conditions of Cut Irrigation in Pod Formation Stage

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

Article 4, Volume 14, Issue 2 - Serial Number 52, June 2022, Pages 235-249   

Document Type: Scientific - Research

DOI: 10.22067/agry.2021.20272.0

Authors

Yaser Esmaeilian¹; Mohamad Behzad Amiri^{* 2}

¹Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad, Iran.

²Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad,Gonabad, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Plants are exposed to several environmental stresses, all affecting plant growth, and development, which hampers crop plants' productivity. The mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is a plant species from the legume family. This plant is an enriched source of protein, fiber, antioxidants, and phytonutrients. It plays an important role in the human diet and improves soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. The average yield of mungbean is quite low. One way to improve crop yield and production is the management of fertilizers such as spent mushroom compost that greatly affect mungbean growth, development, and yield. Spent mushroom compost (SMC) is the residual compost waste generated by the mushroom production industry. It is readily available, and its formulation generally consists of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure, and ground chalk composted together. This research was carried out to study the effects of different levels of spent mushroom compost on mungbean's quantitative yield and water use efficiency under drought stress.
 
Materials & Methods
This research was conducted in 2016-17 as a split plot based on a completely randomized block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the University of Gonabad. Main factor levels concluded of full irrigation (300 m³ in each irrigation) and irrigation disruption at the pod formation stage, and subfactor consisted of 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, and 80 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost.
 
Results & Discussion
The results showed that under drought stress, the highest seed yield (1660 kg.ha^-1) obtained in the treatment of 60 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost and 40 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost decreased the effects of drought stress. In full irrigation, the highest biological yield observed in treatments of 80 (7377 kg.ha^-1) and 60 t.ha-1 (6132 kg.ha^-1) spent mushroom compost and drought stress and no application of fertilizer decreased biological yield (46%). In drought stress conditions, application of 40, 60, and 80 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost increased water use efficiency compared to control, and the highest water use efficiency was observed in the treatment of 60 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost. Application of 80 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost increased the lateral branch number by 44% compared to control. The highest and the lowest pod number per plant were obtained in treatments of 80 to.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost (27 pods per plant) and control (17.3 pods per plant), respectively. Less irrigation increased water use efficiency, so each level of SMC in full irrigation conditions did not significantly differ from similar levels under drought stress. The main consequences of drought in crop plants are reduced cell division and expansion rate, leaf size, stem elongation and root proliferation, disturbed stomatal oscillations, plant water and nutrient relations with diminished crop productivity, and water use efficiency. Spent mushroom compost is an excellent source of humus. SMC does not contain any pests or weed seeds because of the high temperatures associated with the composting and pasteurization processes. SMC also contains very low levels of pesticides and heavy metals. The negative effects of drought stress on plants of the legume family have been proven in other studies. Research on wheat reported that spent mushroom compost increased seed number per spike.
 
Conclusion
The results showed that drought stress reduced most of the studied traits. Application of 20 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost did not significantly affect most studied traits. The highest effect on plant height, lateral branch number, and pod number per plant were observed in the treatment of 80 t.ha^-1 spent mushroom compost. In general, according to the results of this research, applying optimum amounts of spent mushroom compost as an eco-friendly input in drought stress can improve growth characteristics and yield.
 
 

Keywords

Biological Yield; Deficit Irrigation; Ecofriendly Input; Fabaceae; Optimum Amount; Organic Fertilizer  

References

Abd-El-Kader, A.A., Shaaban, S.M., and Abd-El-Fattah, M.S., 2010. Effect of irrigation levels and organic compost on okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown in sandy calcareous soil. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3: 225-231.

Ahmadpour, R., Armand N., Hosseinzadeh S.R., and Rigi, G., 2018. Influence of compost fertilizer on some photosynthetic parameters of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in three growth stages under drought stress. Journal of Plant Research 31(4): 916-926. (In Persian with English Summary)

Aggelides, S.M., and Londra, P.A., 2000. Effects of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource Technology 71: 253-259.

Alavi Fazel, M., Lak, Sh., and Momeni Chalaki, R., 2015. Study of plant density effect on grain yield of mungbean cultivars in climate conditions of Izeh city. Journal of Crop Production Researh 7(2): 145-161. (In Persian with English Summary)

Allahdadi, I., Memari, A., Akbari, G.A., Lotfifar, O., and Shams, A., 2013. The effect of application of different amounts of urban solid compost on growth and yield of mangbean. Journal of Plant Production 20(2): 145-160. (In Persian with English Summary)

Aminul Islam, M., Boyce, A.N., Rahman, M.M., Azirun, M.S., and Ashraf, M.A., 2016. Effects of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of bush bean, winged bean and yard long bean. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 59: 1-9.

Arisha, H.M.E., Gad, A.A., and Younes, S.E., 2003. Response of some pepper cultivars to organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizer under sandy soil conditions. Zagazig Journal of Agriculture Research 30: 1875-1899.

Arnon, I., 1972. Crop production in dry regions, Background and Principles. (Ed.): N. Polunin. Leonard Hill Book, London 1: 203-211.

Biradar, D.P., 2007. Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity, profitability and sustainability of irrigated maize. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4: 837-839.

Butler, J.D., Byrne, P.F., Mohammadi, V., Chapman, P.L., and Haley, S.D., 2005. Agronomic performance of Rht Alleles in a spring wheat population across a range of moisture levels. Crop Science 45: 939-947.

Curtis, M.J., and Claassen, V.P., 2005. Compost incorporation increases plant available water in a drastically disturbed  Serpentine soil. Soil Science 170: 939-953.

Debosz, K., Petersen, S.O., Kure, L.K., and Ambus, P., 2002. Evaluating effects of sewage sludge and household compost on soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Applied Soil Ecology 19: 237-248.

Dhingra, K.K., Dhillon, M.S., Grewal, D.S., and Shorma, K., 1991. Performance of maize and mungbean intercropping different planting patterns and row orientation. Indian Journal of Agronomy 36: 207-212.

Ehyaee, H.R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Gaemi, M., and Motamedi, M.R., 2010. Investigation of the effects of spent mushroom compost (SMC) application on wheat. The First National Symposium on Agriculture and Sustainable Development Opportunities and Future Challenge.Shiraz University. pp: 4. (In Persian)

Emam, Y., Shekoofa, A., Salehi, F., Jalali, A.H., and Pessarakli, M., 2012. Drought stress effects on two common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 58 527-534.

Farre, I., and Faci, J.M., 2006. Comparative response of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to deficit irrigation in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural Water Management 83: 135- 143.

Flavio, P., 2004. Compost mulch effects on soil fertility, nutritional status and performance of grapevine. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51(3): 239-248.

Frankenberger, W.T., and Arshad, M., 1995. Phytohormones in Soils: Microbial Production and Function, Marcel Dekker, New York. pp: 151.

Ghassemmi-Golezani, K., and Lotfi, R., 2012. Response of soybean cultivars to water stress at reproductive stages. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences 2: 198-202.

Hamid, A., Kubota, F., Agata, W., and Morokuma, M., 1990. Photosynthesis, transpiration, dry matter accumulation and yield performance of mungbean plant in response to water stress. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 1-2: 81-92.

Hashemzehi, M., Moradgholi, A., and Ghasemi, A., 2013. Evaluation of responses of mungbean (Vigna radiata) genotypes to drought stress using different stress tolerance indices. Journal of Crop Breeding 5(12): 112-122. (In Persian with English Summary)

Jafardokht, R., Mosavi Nik, S.M., Mehraban, A., and Basiri, M., 2015. Effect of water stress and foliar micronutrient application on physiological characteristics and nutrient uptake in mung bean. Journal of Crop Production 8(1): 121-141. (In Persian with English Summary)

Jaiwal, P.K., Kumari, R., Ignacimuthu, S., Potrykus, I., and Sautter, C., 2001. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation of mung bean - a recalcitrant grain legume. Plant Science 161(2): 239-247.

Johnson, G.A., Qian, Y.L., and Davis, J.G., 2009. Topdressing Kentucky bluegrass with compost increases soil water content and improves turf quality during drought. Compost Science and Utilization 17: 95-102.

Jonathan, S., Oyetunji, O., Olawuyi, O., and Uwukhor, P., 2013. Application of pleurotus ostreatus SMC as soil conditioner for the growth of soybean (Glycine max). Academia Arena 5(1): 54-61.

Kahrizy S., and Sepehri, A., 2019. Effect of vermicompost, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 29(1): 67-83. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kanatt, S.R., Arjun, K., and Sharma, A., 2011. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of legume hulls. Food Research International 44: 3182-3187.

Keating, J.D.H., and Cooper, P.J.M., 1998. Kabuli chickpea as a winter-sown crop in northern Syria: moisture relations and crop productivity. Journal of Agricultural Science 100: 667-680.

Kisman, A., 2003. Effects of drought stress on growth and yield of soybean. Science Philosophy. Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. pp: 702.

Lal, S., Bagdi, D.L., Kakralya, B.L., Jat, M.L., and Sharma, P.C., 2013. Role of brassinolide in alleviating the adverse effect of drought stress on physiology, growth and yield of green gram genotypes. Journal of Legume Research 36: 359-363.

Lalinia, A.A., Majnon Hoseini, N., Galostian, M., Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi, S., and Marefatzadeh Khameneh, M., 2012. Echophysiological impact of water stress on growth and development of mungbean. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 3: 599-607.

Lee, C.H., Yoon, S.J., and Lee, SM., 2012. Chlorogenic acid attenuates high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and enhances host defense mechanisms in murine sepsis. Molecular Medicine 18(1): 1437-1448.

Levanon, D., and Danai, O., 2001. Chemical, physical and microbiological considerations in recycling spent mushroom substrate. Compost Science Utilazation 3(1): 72-73.

Liu, Z.F., Fu, B.J., and Zheng, X.X., 2010. Plant biomass, soil water content and soil N:P ratio regulating soil microbial functional diversity in a temperate steppe: a regional scale study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 445-450.

Maasomi, A., Kafi, M., Nezami, A., and Hosseini, S.H., 2005. Effects of drought stress on morphological traits in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) genotypes in greenhouse. Iranian Journal of Field Crops research 3(2): 277-289. (In Persian with English Summary)

Mogotsi, K.K., 2006. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. 2000. In: M. Brink, and G.Belay, (Editors). PROTA 1: Cereals and pulses, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Nandwal, A.S., Hooda, A., and Datta, D., 1998. Effect of substrate moisture and potassium on water relations and C, N and K distribution in Vigna radiata. Biologia Plantarum 41(1): 149-153.

Olfati, J.A., Khasmakhi-Sabet, S.A., Shabani, H., and Peyvast, G., (2012). Alternative organic fertilizer to cow manure for French dwarf bean production. International Journal of Vegetable Science 18(2): 190-198.

Onal, M., and Topcuoglu, K.B., 2007. The effect of spent mushroom compost on the dry matter and mineral content of pepper (Piper nigrum) grown in greenhouse. Tropentag Congress on utilization of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs, October 9-11, Witzenhausen, Germany.

Peregrina, F., Larrieta, C., Martin, I., Martinez-Vidaurre, J.M., and Garcia-Escudero, E., 2009. Effect of application spent mushroom compost as organic amendment in vineyard soil of theorigin denomination Rioja (Spain). Gheophysical Research Abstract 11: 368-375.

Rafiee Shirvan, M., and Asgharipour, M.R., 2009. Reaction of yield and morphological characteristics of some genotype of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) to drought stress. Agroecology Journal (Journal of New Agricultural Science) 5(15): 67-76. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rahimi M.M., and Hashemi, A., 2016. Yield and yield components of vetch (vigna radiata) as affected by the use of vermicompost and phosphate bio-fertilizer. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 10(2): 529-540. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rahmanian, M., Hatami, F., Esmaeel Poor, B., and Hadian, J., 2011. Effect of spent mushroom compost on yield and yield components of Satureja hortensis. National Conference on Modern Agricultural Science and Technologies (MAST). (In Persian)

Robertson, T.M.J., Fukai, S., and Peoples, M.B., 2004. The effect of timing and severity of water deficit on growth, development, yield accumulation and nitrogen fixation of mungbean. Field Crops Research 86: 67-80.

Sio-Se Mardeh, P., Sadeghi, F., Kanouni, H., Bahramnejad, B., and Gholami, S., 2014. Effect of drought stress on physiological traits, grain yield and its components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 16(2): 91-108. (In Persian with English Summary)

Sodhi, G.P.S., Beri, V., and Benbi, D.K., 2009. Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions under long-term application of compost in rice-wheat system. Soil and Tillage Research 103: 412-418.

Soltys-Kalina, D., Plich, J., Strzelczyk-Żyta, D., Śliwka, J., and Marczewski, W., 2016. The effect of drought stress on the leaf relative water content and tuber yield of a half-sib family of ‘Katahdin’-derived potato cultivars. Breeding Science 66: 328-331.

Shahrusvand S., Eisvand H.R., Nazarian Firozabadi F., and Feizian M., 2019. Effect of sulphur and vermicompost application on agronomic traits of hubbit cultivar of soybean (Glycine max L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 13(3): 447-460. (In Persian with English Summary)

Shokuhfar, A., and Abufetilehnejad, S., 2013. Effect of drought stress on some physiological characteristics and biological yield of different varieties of mungbean. Crop Physiology Journal 5(17): 49-59. (In Persian with English Summary)

Stewart, D.P.C., Cameron, K.C., Cornforth, I.S., and Sedcok, J.R., 1998. Effects of spent mushroom substrate on soil physical conditions and plant growth in an intensive horticultural system. Australian Journal of Soil Research 36(6): 899-912.

Tadayyon, M.R., and Ghorbaninejad, A.J., 2012. Effect of supplementary irrigation and compost application on morphological traits and yield of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 3(2): 31-44. (In Persian)

Tejada, M., Hernandez, M.T., and Garcia, C., 2009. Soil restoration using composted plant residues: Effects on soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research 102: 109-117.

Zabet, M., and Hoseinzadeh, A.H., 2011. Determination of the most effective traits on yield in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek) by multivariate analysis in stress and non-stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 2(1): 87-98. (In Persian with English Summary)

Zak, D.R., Holmes, W.E., and White, D.C., 2003. Plant diversity, microbial communities, and ecosystem function: are there and links. Ecology 84: 2042-2050.

Zecevic, V., and Knezevic, D., 2005. Variability and components of variance for harvest index in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genetica 37: 173-179.