Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Soil Microbial Activity and Bacterial Populations in a Calcareous Soil Using qPCR

آب و خاک

Article 6, Volume 35, Issue 6 - Serial Number 80, January and February 2022, Pages 859-843   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jsw.2021.67908.1004

Authors

S. Balandeh¹; A. Lakzian^{* 2}; A. Javadmanesh³

¹Ph.D. Student Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad

²Professor Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad

³Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a broad spectrum of uses, therefore, AgNPs will be released from those products into many different ecosystems. In the last decades, AgNPs have received substantial attention due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic activity and antimicrobial properties against microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses.  There are many parameters for assessment effect of toxicity due to AgNPs but soil microbial community is one of which considered being an important target for assessing the impact of manufactured nano-materials on the terrestrial environment. Toxicity of AgNPs is due to the physical interaction of AgNPs with microorganisms and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although as we have been known harmful effects of AgNPs on the soil bacterial community, but the most information about antimicrobial properties of AgNPs come from the routine lab instructions such as soil respiration, substrate induced respiration and microbial biomass and colony forming unite. So, the objective of this paper was to study the effects of silver nanoparticles on microbial activity using the routine lab instructions and compare with the obtained data from the molecular genetic techniques. In this paper, the quantitate population of soil bacterial was estimated using Real time qPCR with the MIQE guidelines.
 
Materials and Methods: In order to study the effect of silver nanoparticles on microbial activity and bacterial population in a calcareous soil, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design based on factorial arrangement with three replications. Experimental factors included silver slat forms (AgNPs and AgNO₃), Ag concentrations (0, 0.5, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg Ag kg^-1 dry soil) and incubation time (7 and 42 days). Soil samples (Typic Haplicambids) with clay loam texture and seven percent of calcium carbonate was collected from Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. The soil samples were amended with different concentrations of AgNPs and incubated at 25^oC for 42 days. The water content of soil samples was adjusted at 70% WHC during the incubation time. After 7 and 42 days of incubation, the soil substrate-induced respiration (SIR), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and soil urease and dehydrogenase activities were measured. Finally, based on the obtained data, the soil biological quality index was estimated using the soil biological parameters. In order to quantify the total bacterial population, DNA was extracted from soil samples and was estimated using the relative concentration of 16S rDNA gene by a quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), with a minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments (MIQE) guidelines.
 
Results and Discussion: The results showed that with increasing the concentration of both AgNPs and AgNO₃, the activity of dehydrogenase and urease in soil samples decreased during the incubation times. Microbial substrate induced respiration (SIR) and the total bacterial population in soil samples considerably declined at the end of experiment. Bacterial population in AgNPs treatments decreased compared to AgNO₃ treatments but the reduction was not statistically significant. Over time, soil dehydrogenase activity and soil SIR decreased in both AgNPs and AgNO₃ treatments, while soil urease activity and heterotrophic bacterial populations improved but again in heterotrophic bacterial populations was not statistically significant. The soil biological quality index was estimated from the soil biological data. AgNO₃ treatments reduced the soil biological quality index compared to AgNPs treatments. In other words, the results showed that AgNO₃ was more toxic to soil bacteria activity compared to AgNPs. The lowest soil urease and dehydrogenase enzyme activity and soil biological quality index were observed in the treatment of 100 mg kg^-1 dry soil AgNO₃ after 7 days of incubation. The application of 0.5, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg Ag kg^-1 dry soil decreased relative soil bacterial population by 22%, 40%, 59%, 73%, and 82% in AgNO₃ treatment and 10%, 30%, 68%, 76%, and 86% in AgNO₃ treatment compared to control after 42 days of incubation, respectively.
 
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that silver nanoparticles can negatively affect the enzymes involved in the nitrogen and carbon cycle. The AgNPs had less toxicity effect on the soil microbial activity compared to AgNO₃. However, AgNPs was more toxic to soil bacteria populations compared to AgNO₃. Different behavior AgNPs and AgNO₃ in calcareous soil needs more investigations but there is no doubt that AgNPs is as an emerging contaminant and it has high toxicity potential for soil microbial community.

Keywords

Bacterial population; Dehydrogenase; Silver nanoparticles; Urease; qPCR

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