New outlook to vitamin D functions in dairy cows: non- classical roles

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology

مقاله 1، دوره 13، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 25، اسفند 2021، صفحه 1-11   

نوع مقاله: Review article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijvst.2021.70605.1044

نویسندگان

Saba Ahmadi¹؛ Mehrdad Mohri^{* 2}

¹Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

²Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

چکیده

In addition to the well-studied effects in regulating calcium and phosphorus balance, vitamin D has many non-calcemic effects that include acting as an immune modulator or an antioxidant. Cows acquire vitamin D either from photosynthesis in the skin or through swallowing fungi in the forage or vitamin D supplements. Although vitamin D deficiency is rare, today we are facing an increasing number of vitamin D deficiencies in cows due to the indoor housing away from sunlight exposure. According to the NRC recommendation, to maintain the vitamin D serum concentration in the range of 20 to 50 ng/ ml, it is necessary to administer 21,000 IU/ d of vitamin D in cattle. In addition, considering the involvement of vitamin D in various calcemic and non-calcemic effects, it seems that previously recommend levels of vitamin D supplementation have not been enough for preventing many diseases and disorders in cattle. Vitamin D toxicity may also occur due to over-supplementation of vitamin D or overgrazing in plants with high amounts of vitamin D metabolites. This review article will discuss various roles of vitamin D in dairy cattle health, normal physiology, and disease prevention.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Calcitriol؛ Immune modulation؛ Oxidative Stress

سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله

1044-persian abs-F.pdf

IJVST-13-1.xml

IJVST-13-1-g001.jpg

IJVST-13-1-g002.jpg

مراجع

1.    DeLuca HF. History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites. BoneKEy reports. 2014; 3: 479.
2.    Dobson RC, Ward G. Vitamin D physiology and its importance in dairy cattle: a review. Journal of dairy science. 1974;57 (9):985-91.
3.    Norman AW, Roth J, Orci L. The vitamin D endocrine system: steroid metabolism, hormone receptors, and biological response (calcium binding proteins). Endocrine Reviews. 1982; 3(4):331-66.
4.    Norman AW. Vitamin D: the calcium homeostatic steroid hormone. 1st ed. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
5.    Jones G, Prosser DE, Kaufmann M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): its important role in the degradation of vitamin D. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2012; 523(1):9-18.
6.    Nelson CD, Merriman KE. Vitamin D metabolism in dairy cattle and implications for dietary requirements. 25th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrient Symposium. 2014: 78-90.
7.    Dittmer KE, Thompson KG. Vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic animals: a review. Veterinary Pathology. 2011 ;48(2):389-407.
8.    Holick MF, Chen TC, Lu Z, Sauter E. Vitamin D and skin physiology: AD‐lightful story. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2007; 22(S2):V28-33.
9.    Norman AW. Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system. 1998: 1108-1110.
10.    Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, Poulsen CS, Erlandsen M, Mosekilde L, Vestergaard P. Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporosis International. 2009;20(1):133-40.
11.    Holick MF. The cutaneous photosynthesis of previtamin D3: a unique photoendocrine system. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1981;77(1):51-8.
12.    DSM. Vitamin D. https://www.dsm.com/anh/en_US/products/vitamins/vitamin-nutrition-compendium/ruminants/vitamin-d.html. 2021/28/5
13.    Carpenter KJ, Zhao L. Forgotten mysteries in the early history of vitamin D. The Journal of nutrition. 1999;129(5):923-7.
14.    Hymøller L, Jensen SK. Vitamin D3 synthesis in the entire skin surface of dairy cows despite hair coverage. Journal of dairy science. 2010; 93(5):2025-9.
15.    Wikvall K. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the bioactivation of vitamin D to its hormonal form. International journal of molecular medicine. 2001 Feb 1;7(2):201-9. Wikvall K. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the bioactivation of vitamin D to its hormonal form. International journal of molecular medicine. 2001; 7(2):201-9.
16.    Holick M.F. Vitamin D and Health: Evolution, Biologic Functions, and Recommended Dietary Intakes for Vitamin D. In: Holick M. (eds) Vitamin D. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. 2010.  
17.    Horst RL, Goff JP, Reinhardt TA. Adapting to the transition between gestation and lactation: differences between rat, human and dairy cow. Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia. 2005; 10(2):141-56.
18.    Christakos S, Dhawan P, Porta A, Mady LJ, Seth T. Vitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2011; 347(1-2):25-9.
19.    Christakos S, Lieben L, Masuyama R, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D endocrine system and the intestine. BoneKEy reports. 2014; 3: 496.
20.    Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004; 80(6):1678S-88S.
21.    Anderson PH, Atkins GJ. The skeleton as an intracrine organ for vitamin D metabolism. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2008; 29(6):397-406.
22.    Suda T, Ueno Y, Fujii K, Shinki T. Vitamin D and bone. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2003; 88(2):259-66.
23.    Goltzman D, Mannstadt M, Marcocci C. Physiology of the calcium-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis. Vitamin D in Clinical Medicine. 2018;50:1-3.
24.    Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocrine reviews. 2005; 26(5):662-87.
25.    DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004; 80(6):1689S-96S.
26.    Hodnik JJ, Ježek J, Starič J. A review of vitamin D and its importance to the health of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Research. 2020; 87(S1):84-7.
27.    Colotta F, Jansson B, Bonelli F. Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D. Journal of autoimmunity. 2017 Dec 1;85:78-97.
28.    Merriman KE, Kweh MF, Powell JL, Lippolis JD, Nelson CD. Multiple β-defensin genes are upregulated by the vitamin D pathway in cattle. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2015; 154:120-9.
29.    Merriman KE, Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Santos JE, Nelson CD. Intramammary 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment increases expression of host-defense genes in mammary immune cells of lactating dairy cattle. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2017; 173:33-41.
30.    Selsted ME, Tang YQ, Morris WL, McGuire PA, Novotny MJ, Smith W, Henschen AH, Cullor JS. Purification, primary structures, and antibacterial activities of beta-defensins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides from bovine neutrophils. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993; 268(9):6641-8.
31.    Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RA, Nonnecke BJ, Nelson CD. Treatment of an intramammary bacterial infection with 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3. PLoS One. 2011; 6(10):e25479.
32.    Nelson CD, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE, Powell JL, Drewnoski ME, O’Neil M, Beitz DC, Weiss WP. Vitamin D status of dairy cattle: Outcomes of current practices in the dairy industry. Journal of dairy science. 2016; 99(12):10150-60.
33.    Martinez N, Rodney RM, Block E, Hernandez LL, Nelson CD, Lean IJ, Santos JE. Effects of prepartum dietary cation-anion difference and source of vitamin D in dairy cows: Health and reproductive responses. Journal of dairy science. 2018;101(3):2563-78.
34.    Davies CJ, Hill JR, Edwards JL, Schrick FN, Fisher PJ, Eldridge JA, Schlafer DH. Major histocompatibility antigen expression on the bovine placenta: its relationship to abnormal pregnancies and retained placenta. Animal reproduction science. 2004; 82:267-80.
35.    Kimura K, Goff JP, Kehrli Jr ME, Reinhardt TA. Decreased neutrophil function as a cause of retained placenta in dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science. 2002; 85(3):544-50.
36.    Elliott L, McMahon KJ, Gier HT, Marion GB. Uterus of the cow after parturition: bacterial content. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1968; 29(1):77-81.
37.    Nelson CD, Reinhardt TA, Lippolis JD, Sacco RE, Nonnecke BJ. Vitamin D signaling in the bovine immune system: a model for understanding human vitamin D requirements. Nutrients. 2012; 4(3):181-96.
38.    Dębski B, Nowicki T, Zalewski W, Ochota M, Mrowiec J, Twardoń J. Evaluation of acute phase proteins in clinically healthy dairy cows in perinatal period and during lactation. Polish journal of veterinary sciences. 2016; 19(3): 519-523.
39.    Heaney RP, Armas LA. Quantifying the vitamin D economy. Nutrition reviews. 2015; 73(1):51-67.
40.    Holcombe SJ, Wisnieski L, Gandy J, Norby B, Sordillo LM. Reduced serum vitamin D concentrations in healthy early-lactation dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science. 2018; 101(2):1488-94.
41.    Delvin EE, Gagnon L, Arabian A, Gibb W. Influence of calcitriol on prolactin and prostaglandin production by human decidua. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 1990;71(3):177-83.
42.    Díaz L, Martínez-Reza I, García-Becerra R, González L, Larrea F, Méndez I. Calcitriol stimulates prolactin expression in non-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: breaking paradigms. Cytokine. 2011;55(2):188-94.
43.    Ingalls WG, Convey EM, Hafs HD. Bovine serum LH, GH, and prolactin during late pregnancy, parturition and early lactation. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1973;143(1):161-4.
44.    Akersr MR, Bauman DE, Capuco AV, Goodman GT, Tucker AH. Prolactin regulation of milk secretion and biochemical differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in periparturient cows. Endocrinology. 1981;109(1):23-30.
45.    Macias H, Hinck L. Mammary gland development. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology. 2012; 1(4):533-57.
46.    Reinhardt TA, Stabel JR, Goff JP. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances milk antibody titers to Escherichia coli J5 vaccine. Journal of dairy science. 1999; 82(9):1904-9.
47.    Defrance T, Vanbervliet B, Briere F, Durand I, Rousset F, Banchereau J. Interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta cooperate to induce anti-CD40-activated naive human B cells to secrete immunoglobulin A. The Journal of experimental medicine. 1992; 175(3):671-82.
48.    Xu HJ, Jiang X, Zhang CR, Ma GM, Wang LH, Zhang QY, Zhang YG. Effects of dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on the lactation performance, blood metabolites, antioxidant and immune function in dairy cows. Livestock Science. 2021; 248:104497.
49.    Wiseman H. Vitamin D is a membrane antioxidant Ability to inhibit iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation in liposomes compared to cholesterol, ergosterol and tamoxifen and relevance to anticancer action. FEBS letters. 1993; 326(1-3):285-8.
50.    Hassanabadi M, Mohri M, Seifi HA. Effects of single injection of vitamin D3 on some immune and oxidative stress characteristics in transition dairy cows. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2020; 12(2):25-35.
51.    Hymøller L, Jensen SK. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol status in plasma is linearly correlated to daily summer pasture time in cattle at 56 N. British journal of nutrition. 2012;108(4):666-71.
52.    Horst RL, Goff JP, Reinhardt TA. Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in the dairy cow. Journal of dairy science. 1994;77(7):1936-51.
53.    Wallis GC, Kennedy GH, Fishman RH. The vitamin D content of roughages. Journal of Animal Science. 1958;17(2):410-5.
54.    Horst RL, Reinhardt TA, Russel JR, Napoli JL. The isolation and identification of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 from Medicago sativa (alfalfa plant). Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1984; 231(1):67-71.
55.    Horst RL, Littledike ET. Comparison of plasma concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites in young and aged domestic animals. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry. 1982; 73(3):485-9.
56.    Hymøller L, Jensen SK. Vitamin D2 impairs utilization of vitamin D3 in high-yielding dairy cows in a cross-over supplementation regimen. Journal of dairy science. 2011; 94(7):3462-6.
57.    Sommerfeldt JL, Napoli JL, Littledike ET, Beitz DC, Horst RL. Metabolism of orally administered [3H] ergocalciferol and [3H) cholecalciferol by dairy calves. The Journal of nutrition. 1983; 113(12):2595-600.
58.    National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Revised Edition. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, Washington, D.C. 2001.
59.    F Gunville C, M Mourani P, A Ginde A. The role of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of infection. Inflammation & Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation & Allergy)(Discontinued). 2013; 12(4):239-45.
60.    Frye TM, Williams SN, Graham TW. Vitamin deficiencies in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: food animal practice. 1991;7(1):217-75.
61.    National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th Revised Edition. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS, Washington, D.C. 1996.
62.    Rupel IW, Bohstedt G, Hart EB. Vitamin D in the nutrition of the dairy calf. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin.  Research bulletin. 1933; No. 115.
63.    Nelson CD, Nonnecke BJ, Reinhardt TA, Waters WR, Beitz DC, Lippolis JD. Regulation of Mycobacterium-specific mononuclear cell responses by 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3. PLoS One. 2011 Jun 28;6(6):e21674.
64.    Wallis GC. Vitamin-D deficiency in dairy cows. Research Bulletins of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (1887-2011). 372.
65.    Goff JP, Reinhardt TA, Horst RL. Enzymes and factors controlling vitamin D metabolism and action in normal and milk fever cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 1991; 74(11):4022-32.
66.    Shappell NW, Herbein JH, Deftos LJ, Aiello RJ. Effects of dietary calcium and age on parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and serum and milk minerals in the periparturient dairy cow. The Journal of nutrition. 1987; 117(1):201-7.
67.    Goff JP, Reinhardt TA, Horst RL. Milk fever and dietary cation-anion balance effects on concentration of vitamin D receptor in tissue of periparturient dairy cows. Journal of dairy science. 1995; 78(11):2388-94.
68.    Naito Y, Shindo N, Sato R, Murakami D. Plasma osteocalcin in preparturient and postparturient cows: Correlation with plasma 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus. Journal of Dairy Science. 1990; 73(12):3481-4.
69.    Kichura TS, Horst RL, Beitz DC, Littledike ET. Relationships between prepartal dietary calcium and phosphorus, vitamin D metabolism, and parturient paresis in dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition. 1982; 112(3):480-7.
70.    Green HB, Horst RL, Beitz DC, Littledike ET. Vitamin D metabolites in plasma of cows fed a prepartum low-calcium diet for prevention of parturient hypocalcemia. Journal of Dairy Science. 1981;64(2):217-26.
71.    Tomkins NW, Elliott R, McGrath JJ, Schatz T. Managing plasma P concentrations in beef heifers with a slow release vitamin D supplementation. Animal Production Science. 2020; 60(5):610-7.
72.    Celi P, Williams S, Engstrom M, McGrath J, La Marta J. Safety evaluation of dietary levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in growing calves. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 111:641-9.
73.    Hibbs JW, Conrad HR. Milk fever in dairy cows. VII. Effect of continuous vitamin D feeding on incidence of milk fever. Journal of dairy science. 1976; 59(11):1944-6.
74.    Waters WR, Nonnecke BJ, Rahner TE, Palmer MV, Whipple DL, Horst RL. Modulation of Mycobacterium bovis-specific responses of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology. 2001; 8(6):1204-12.